{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T15:10:49Z","timestamp":1778339449150,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014The Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05021\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05021\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014The Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00617\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00617\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT\u2014The Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/00617\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00617\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review explores the diverse landscape of integrating nutrition and physical activity education into medical school curricula, focusing on the imperative role of physicians in promoting health through lifestyle changes. By examining global medical education structures, we uncovered disparities in nutrition and physical activity training, and highlighted the need for a shared framework to address international and regional challenges. Despite acknowledging the importance of both nutrition and physical activity, studies have consistently uncovered deficiencies in medical school curricula, especially in skills related to providing lifestyle advice and behavioral counseling. Survey studies among medical students have illuminated various perceptions and knowledge gaps, emphasizing the need for more comprehensive and mandatory nutrition and physical activity training. While acknowledging progress, challenges, such as time constraints, resource availability, and faculty expertise, persist. Integrating lifestyle education results in resistance, a demand for strategic communication, and faculty buy-ins. These findings underscore the importance of a holistic approach that balances theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and confidence that medical students need to promote effective nutrition and physical activity in healthcare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1724325281000},"page":"2809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Nutrition and Physical Activity Education in Medical School: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0667-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Rodrigues","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1051-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Afreixo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research & Development in Mathematics and Applications (CIDMA), Department of Mathematics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure of University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7204-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"iNOVA Media Lab, ICNOVA-NOVA Institute of Communication, NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2021.12.001","article-title":"The importance of healthy lifestyle behaviors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"70","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks, L., Laird, Y., Trevena, H., Smith, B.J., and Rowbotham, S. (2022). A Scoping Review of Citizen Science Approaches in Chronic Disease Prevention. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.743348"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018\u20132030: More Active People for a Healthier World."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020: Transforming Food Systems for Affordable Healthy Diets, Food & Agriculture Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu229","article-title":"Adherence to a healthy diet according to the World Health Organization guidelines and all-cause mortality in elderly adults from Europe and the United States","volume":"180","author":"Jankovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2023.05.015","article-title":"Healthy eating index-2020: Review and update process to reflect the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020\u20132025","volume":"123","author":"Pannucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kebbe, M., Gao, M., Perez-Cornago, A., Jebb, S.A., and Piernas, C. (2021). Adherence to international dietary recommendations in association with all-cause mortality and fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease risk: A prospective analysis of UK Biobank participants. BMC Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02011-7"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo, J., El Assar, M., \u00c1lvarez-Bustos, A., and Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as, L. (2020). Physical activity and exercise: Strategies to manage frailty. Redox Biol., 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101513"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7","article-title":"Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants","volume":"6","author":"Guthold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moscatelli, F., De Maria, A., Marinaccio, L.A., Monda, V., Messina, A., Monacis, D., Toto, G., Limone, P., Monda, M., and Messina, G. (2023). Assessment of Lifestyle, Eating Habits and the Effect of Nutritional Education among Undergraduate Students in Southern Italy. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132894"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114522001635","article-title":"Putting nutrition education on the table: Development of a curriculum to meet future doctors\u2019 needs","volume":"129","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2022-000513","article-title":"Case studies and realist review of nutrition education innovations within the UK medical undergraduate curricula","volume":"5","author":"Blythe","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-023-00220-0","article-title":"The Impact of Typical School Provision of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sports on Adolescent Mental Health and Wellbeing: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"9","author":"Rocliffe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adolesc. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.75","article-title":"Nutrition education in European medical schools: Results of an international survey","volume":"68","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, K.M., Butsch, W.S., and Kohlmeier, M. (2015). The State of Nutrition Education at US Medical Schools. J. Biomed. Educ., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/357627"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McQueen, D.V. (2013). Health Promotion for NCDs in and by Hospitals: A Health Promoting Hospital Perspective. Global Handbook on Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7594-1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/16.3.281","article-title":"Health promoting hospitals: A typology of different organizational approaches to health promotion","volume":"16","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f8vhaug, A.L., Granheim, S.I., Djojosoeparto, S.K., Harrington, J.M., Kamphuis, C.B., Poelman, M.P., Roos, G., Sawyer, A., Stronks, K., and Torheim, L.E. (2022). The potential of food environment policies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in diets and to improve healthy diets among lower socioeconomic groups: An umbrella review. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12827-4"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varga, A.I., Spehar, I., and Skirbekk, H. (2023). Trustworthy management in hospital settings: A systematic review. BMC Health Serv. Res., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09610-5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2012-131366","article-title":"Physical activity is medicine for older adults","volume":"90","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2022.07.018","article-title":"Pushing the Limits of Strength Training","volume":"64","author":"Burtscher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Chestnov, O. (2013). World Health Organization Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Promoting Physical Activity through Primary Health Care: A Toolkit."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050584","article-title":"Inequalities in access to medical care by income in developed countries","volume":"174","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e028061","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028061","article-title":"A study of the nature and level of trust between patients and healthcare providers, its dimensions and determinants: A scoping review protocol","volume":"10","author":"Rasiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533610380057","article-title":"Barriers to Providing Nutrition Counseling Cited by Physicians","volume":"25","author":"Kolasa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i105","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmn078","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in GPs\u2019 task perceptions, self-efficacy, barriers and practices of nutrition education and treatment of overweight","volume":"25","author":"Visser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110404218","article-title":"Modifying Health Behavior to Prevent Cardiovascular Diseases: A Nationwide Survey among German Primary Care Physicians","volume":"11","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1071\/PY12127","article-title":"An exploration of individuals\u2019 preferences for nutrition care from Australian primary care health professionals","volume":"20","author":"Ball","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. J. Prim. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kriaucioniene, V., Petkeviciene, J., and Raskiliene, A. (2019). Nutrition and physical activity counselling by general practitioners in Lithuania, 2000\u20132014. BMC Fam. Pract., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-019-1022-8"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumic, A., Miskulin, I., Matic Licanin, M., Mujkic, A., Cacic Kenjeric, D., and Miskulin, M. (2017). Nutrition Counselling Practices among General Practitioners in Croatia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121499"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423617000330","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice of Lebanese primary care physicians in nutrition counseling: A self-reported survey","volume":"18","author":"Hseiki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prim. Health Care Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033443","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033443","article-title":"Nutrition competence of primary care physicians in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.08.013","article-title":"Australian general practitioners\u2019 views regarding providing nutrition care: Results of a national survey","volume":"140","author":"Crowley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2023.31","article-title":"Prevalence of physical activity counseling in primary care: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wattanapisit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Promot. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2021.0312","article-title":"Delivering brief physical activity interventions in primary care: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12320","article-title":"Are doctors nutritionists? What is the role of doctors in providing nutrition advice?","volume":"43","author":"Adamski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e068465","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068465","article-title":"Effectiveness of physical activity interventions delivered or prompted by health professionals in primary care settings: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"376","author":"Kettle","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends in adults receiving a recommendation for exercise or other physical activity from a physician or other health professional","volume":"86","author":"Barnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, C.S., Mendes, R., Godinho, C., Monteiro-Pereira, A., Pimenta-Ribeiro, J., Martins, H.S., Brito, J., Themudo-Barata, J.L., Fontes-Ribeiro, C., and Teixeira, P.J. (2022). Predictors of physical activity promotion in clinical practice: A cross-sectional study among medical doctors. BMC Med. Educ., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03686-z"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1071\/PY10014","article-title":"Nutrition in general practice: Role and workforce preparation expectations of medical educators","volume":"16","author":"Ball","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. J. Prim. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.11.036","article-title":"The deficit of nutrition education of physicians","volume":"131","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/efh.EfH_134_17","article-title":"Future doctors\u2019 perspectives on health professionals\u2019 responsibility regarding nutrition care and why doctors should learn about nutrition: A qualitative study","volume":"32","author":"Mogre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellerine, L.P., O\u2019Brien, M.W., Shields, C.A., Crowell, S.J., Strang, R., and Fowles, J.R. (2022). Health Care Providers\u2019 Perspectives on Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise in Health Care. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159466"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-014-9398-2","article-title":"Factors Influencing Primary Health Care Professionals\u2019 Physical Activity Promotion Behaviors: A Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Huijg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23821205231207488","DOI":"10.1177\/23821205231207488","article-title":"Nutrition Education in Medical Schools: What do Medical Students Think?","volume":"10","author":"Boyce","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Educ. Curric. Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"151","article-title":"Update on nutrition, metabolism, and lifestyle curricula for medical education, research, and practice: USA","volume":"Volume 92","author":"Lenders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition Education: Strategies for Improving Nutrition and Healthy Eating in Individuals and Communities"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2021-000234","article-title":"Reference to nutrition in medical accreditation and curriculum guidance: A comparative analysis","volume":"4","author":"Lepre","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.4.936S","article-title":"The Nutrition Academic Award: Brief history, overview, and legacy","volume":"83","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz100","article-title":"The state of nutrition in medical education in the United States","volume":"78","author":"Bassin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"143","article-title":"The NNEdPro global centre for nutrition and health: A consolidated review of global efforts towards medical and healthcare-related nutrition education","volume":"92","author":"Ray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Educ. Strateg. Improv. Nutr. Healthy Eat. Individ. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.03.009","article-title":"Impact of a preventive medicine and nutrition curriculum for medical students","volume":"27","author":"Conroy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.4.963S","article-title":"Medical nutrition: A comprehensive, school-wide curriculum review","volume":"83","author":"Krenkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.04.043","article-title":"A deficiency of nutrition education and practice in cardiology","volume":"130","author":"Devries","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2008.10719702","article-title":"What Do Resident Physicians Know about Nutrition? An Evaluation of Attitudes, Self-Perceived Proficiency and Knowledge","volume":"27","author":"Vetter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, P.S., Payne, L., Morrison, L., Green, S.M., Ghio, D., Hallett, C., Parsons, E.L., Aveyard, P., Roberts, H.C., and Sutcliffe, M. (2019). Barriers and facilitators to screening and treating malnutrition in older adults living in the community: A mixed-methods synthesis. BMC Fam. Pract., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-019-0983-y"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loeb, D.F., Bayliss, E.A., Candrian, C., Degruy, F.V., and Binswanger, I.A. (2016). Primary care providers\u2019 experiences caring for complex patients in primary care: A qualitative study. BMC Fam. Pract., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-016-0433-z"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alne, E.K.F., \u00d8ie, T., S\u00f8iland, M., and Gjesdal, K. (2021). Sharing meals: Promising nutritional interventions for primary health care including nursing students and elderly people. BMC Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-021-00412-8"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdalla, M., Zein, M.M., Sherif, A., Essam, B., and Mahmoud, H. (2024). Nutrition and diet myths, knowledge and practice during pregnancy and lactation among a sample of Egyptian pregnant women: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06331-3"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665121003724","article-title":"Addressing the gaps in nutritional care before and during pregnancy","volume":"81","author":"Killeen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06898-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of intensive perioperative nutrition therapy among adults undergoing gastrointestinal and oncological surgery in a public hospital: Study protocol for a pragmatic randomized control trial","volume":"23","author":"Zaid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-023-00355-9","article-title":"Healthcare providers\u2019 knowledge, attitude, and practice on quality of nutrition care in hospitals from a developing country: A multicenter experience","volume":"42","author":"Shakhshir","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"346","article-title":"Training in nutrition for medical residents in endocrinology and nutrition: How have we changed?","volume":"66","author":"Pomar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182638ce8","article-title":"Assessment of nutrition education among pediatric gastroenterologists: A survey of NASPGHAN members","volume":"56","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/835462","article-title":"Survey of Clinical Nutrition Practices of Canadian Gastroenterologists","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.6.1107","article-title":"Effect of an integrated nutrition curriculum on medical education, student clinical performance, and student perception of medical-nutrition training","volume":"73","author":"Taren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"321","article-title":"Development and implementation of a nutrition education program for medical students: A new challenge","volume":"19","author":"Endevelt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educ. Health Chang. Learn. Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy082","article-title":"Clinical nutrition education of doctors and medical students: Solving the catch 22","volume":"10","author":"Blunt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e821","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000563","article-title":"Medical Nutrition Education, Training, and Competencies to Advance Guideline-Based Diet Counseling by Physicians: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association","volume":"137","author":"Aspry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tramontt, C.R., and Jaime, P.C. (2020). Improving knowledge, self-efficacy and collective efficacy regarding the Brazilian dietary guidelines in primary health care professionals: A community controlled trial. BMC Fam. Pract., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-01245-3"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010084","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010084","article-title":"Realist synthesis of educational interventions to improve nutrition care competencies and delivery by doctors and other healthcare professionals","volume":"6","author":"Mogre","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.05.013","article-title":"Is continuing medical education sufficient? Assessing the clinical nutrition knowledge of medical doctors","volume":"57","author":"Grammatikopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40S","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607110376200","article-title":"Proposal for Medical School Nutrition Education","volume":"34","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"JPEN"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000417","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000417","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel nutrition education intervention for medical students from across England","volume":"2","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.2517","article-title":"Enhancing medical education to address obesity:\u201cSee one. Taste one. Cook one. Teach one.\u201d","volume":"173","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002766","article-title":"A novel nutrition medicine education model: The Boston University experience","volume":"4","author":"Lenders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784042","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/784042","article-title":"A Novel Method of Increasing Medical Student Nutrition Awareness and Education","volume":"2015","author":"Schoettler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Educ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656780","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/656780","article-title":"Novel longitudinal and propensity score matched analysis of hands-on cooking and nutrition education versus traditional clinical education among 627 medical students","volume":"2015","author":"Monlezun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-018-00629-6","article-title":"A 4-Year Integrated Nutrition Curriculum for Medical Student Education","volume":"29","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2020.1737985","article-title":"Implementation of an Interprofessional Nutrition Workshop to Integrate Nutrition Education into a Preclinical Medical School Curriculum","volume":"40","author":"Block","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keel, T., Olvet, D.M., Cavuoto Petrizzo, M., John, J.T., Dougherty, R., and Sheridan, E.M. (2021). Impact of an Expansion of a Clinical Nutrition Curriculum on Pre-Clerkship Medical Students\u2019 Perception of Their Knowledge and Skills Related to Performing a Nutritional Assessment. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114081"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-021-01460-2","article-title":"Evaluation of a Whole Health\u2014Lifestyle Medicine Curriculum for Physician Assistant Students: A Mixed Methods Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Stauffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amoore, B.Y., Gaa, P.K., Amalba, A., and Mogre, V. (2023). Nutrition education intervention improves medical students\u2019 dietary habits and their competency and self-efficacy in providing nutrition care: A pre, post and follow-up quasi-experimental study. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1063316"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glickman, O., Kakaty-Monzo, J., Roberts, M., and Daghigh, F. (2024). Exploring the effectiveness of virtual and in-person instruction in culinary medicine: A survey-based study. BMC Med. Educ., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05265-w"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budreviciute, A., Damiati, S., Sabir, D.K., Onder, K., Schuller-Goetzburg, P., Plakys, G., Katileviciute, A., Khoja, S., and Kodzius, R. (2020). Management and Prevention Strategies for Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Their Risk Factors. Front. Public Health, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.574111"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carberry, C., McCombe, G., Tobin, H., Stokes, D., Last, J., Bury, G., and Cullen, W. (2021). Curriculum initiatives to enhance research skills acquisition by medical students: A scoping review. BMC Med. Educ., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-02754-0"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.10.011","article-title":"An evaluation of physical activity training in Australian medical school curricula","volume":"20","author":"Strong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-197506000-00008","article-title":"Will physicians of the future be able to prescribe exercise?","volume":"50","author":"Burke","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2015.1084868","article-title":"Physical activity training in US medical schools: Preparing future physicians to engage in primary prevention","volume":"43","author":"Stoutenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24325","DOI":"10.3402\/meo.v19.24325","article-title":"Physical activity counseling in medical school education: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Dacey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Educ. Online"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e042983","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042983","article-title":"Usability testing of an e-learning resource designed to improve medical students\u2019 physical activity prescription skills: A qualitative think-aloud study","volume":"11","author":"Antbring","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"155","article-title":"The sustained impact of a medical school-based physical activity module on interns\u2019 perceived competence in advising older adults about exercise","volume":"9","author":"Jadczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"238","article-title":"Incorporating exercise prescriptions into medical education exercise: The one prescription that can prevent and treat dozens of diseases","volume":"63","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Columbia Med. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2014-0316","article-title":"If Exercise is Medicine, Where is Exercise in Medicine? Review of U.S. Medical Education Curricula for Physical Activity-Related Content","volume":"12","author":"Cardinal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091380","article-title":"Physical activity education in the undergraduate curricula of all UK medical schools. Are tomorrow\u2019s doctors equipped to follow clinical guidelines?","volume":"46","author":"Weiler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839916658025","article-title":"Primary Care Resident Training for Obesity, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Counseling: A Mixed-Methods Study","volume":"18","author":"Antognoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Promot. Pract."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50038-9","article-title":"Graduating medical students\u2019 exercise prescription competence as perceived by deans and directors of medical education in the United States: Implications for healthy people 2010","volume":"116","author":"Connaughton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-013-0006-1","article-title":"Exercise is Medicine","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"729","article-title":"Teaching of sports medicine in Canadian medical colleges","volume":"107","author":"Cumming","year":"1972","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1742","article-title":"Sports medicine electives. Are they available in Canadian family medicine programs?","volume":"39","author":"Wiley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.4.244","article-title":"Sport and exercise medicine in undergraduate medical schools in the United Kingdom and Ireland","volume":"34","author":"Cullen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093157","article-title":"Incorporating \u2018Exercise is Medicine\u2019into the university of South Carolina school of medicine Greenville and Greenville health system","volume":"48","author":"Trilk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094442","article-title":"Training tomorrow\u2019s doctors, in exercise medicine, for tomorrow\u2019s patients","volume":"49","author":"Gates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099462","article-title":"Designing and implementing a curriculum for Sports and Exercise Medicine elective course for undergraduate medical students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences","volume":"53","author":"Noormohammadpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104819","article-title":"Exercise medicine and physical activity promotion: Core curricula for US medical schools, residencies and sports medicine fellowships: Developed by the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine and endorsed by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise","volume":"56","author":"Asif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e1ez, D.C., Fl\u00f3rez, J., G\u00f3mez, M.T., Garc\u00eda, D., Arango-Paternina, C.M., and Duperly, J. (2024). Curricular and pedagogical approaches for physical activity prescription training: A mixed-methods study of the \u201cExercise is Medicine\u201d workshops in Colombia. BMC Med. Educ., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04999-3"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1996.tb02933.x","article-title":"Feed us nutrition: Final year medical students\u2019 perceptions of nutrition medical education","volume":"26","author":"Warden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.3.655","article-title":"Predictors of nutrition counseling behaviors and attitudes in US medical students","volume":"84","author":"Spencer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1139\/H10-016","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 perceptions of nutrition education in Canadian universities","volume":"35","author":"Gramlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/TIN.0b013e318219318d","article-title":"Nutrition in Medical Education: History, Current Status, and Resources","volume":"26","author":"Daghigh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowley, J., Ball, L., Han, D.Y., Arroll, B., Leveritt, M., and Wall, C. (2015). New Zealand medical students have positive attitudes and moderate confidence in providing nutrition care: A cross-sectional survey. J. Biomed. Educ., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/259653"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.08.019","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 perceptions regarding the importance of nutritional knowledge and their confidence in providing competent nutrition practice","volume":"140","author":"Perlstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perlstein, R., McCoombe, S., Macfarlane, S., Bell, A.C., and Nowson, C. (2017). Nutrition Practice and Knowledge of First-Year Medical Students. J. Biomed. Educ., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5013670"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.2196\/mededu.7361","article-title":"The Perceptions of Medical School Students and Faculty Toward Obesity Medicine Education: Survey and Needs Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Metcalf","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2017.1333928","article-title":"Future Doctors\u2019 Perceptions about Incorporating Nutrition into Standard Care Practice","volume":"36","author":"Schoendorfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwy043","article-title":"Assessment of Students\u2019 Perception of the Nutrition Curriculum in a Canadian Undergraduate Medical Education Program","volume":"2","author":"Hanninen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Can. Assoc. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogre, V., Stevens, F.C.J., Aryee, P.A., Amalba, A., and Scherpbier, A.J.J.A. (2018). Why nutrition education is inadequate in the medical curriculum: A qualitative study of students\u2019 perspectives on barriers and strategies. BMC Med. Educ., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1130-5"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2019-000049","article-title":"Time for nutrition in medical education","volume":"3","author":"Macaninch","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e036410","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-036410","article-title":"Cross-sectional questionnaire study to gather the teaching preferences and expectations of UK undergraduate medical students for culinary medicine learning","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134820971621","article-title":"The Need for Nutritional Education Reform in US Medical Education System","volume":"87","author":"Sutherland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827620988677","article-title":"A Place for Plant-Based Nutrition in US Medical School Curriculum: A Survey-Based Study","volume":"16","author":"Morton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.11.011","article-title":"Student and faculty perceptions of nutrition education in medical school","volume":"47","author":"Hawk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"240","article-title":"A survey on the perception of the specialty of Endocrinology and Nutrition among students preparing for the entrance exam for medical specialty training in Spain","volume":"70","author":"Hanzu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thircuir, S., Chen, N.N., and Madsen, K.A. (2023). Addressing the Gap of Nutrition in Medical Education: Experiences and Expectations of Medical Students and Residents in France and the United States. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245054"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-011-0202-z","article-title":"Current Perception of Nutrition Education in U.S. Medical Schools","volume":"13","author":"Frantz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"803","article-title":"Perceptions of nutrition education in the current medical school curriculum","volume":"49","author":"Danek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepre, B., Crowley, J., Mpe, D., Bhoopatkar, H., Mansfield, K.J., Wall, C., and Beck, E.J. (2020). Australian and New Zealand Medical Students\u2019 Attitudes and Confidence towards Providing Nutrition Care in Practice. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030598"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4103\/efh.EfH_234_19","article-title":"Cooking Demonstrations to Teach Nutrition Counseling and Social Determinants of Health","volume":"33","author":"Hashimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ. Health"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-021-01342-7","article-title":"Improving Nutrition Education with Second-Year Medical Students: From Take-Home Assignment to Large-Group Application Exercise","volume":"31","author":"Bisschops","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-023-01771-6","article-title":"Impact of Experiential Learning of Nutrition Therapy on Medical Students","volume":"33","author":"Christensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e379","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30171-8","article-title":"Nutrition in medical education: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Crowley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115571016","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Study of U.S. Interns\u2019 Perceptions of Clinical Nutrition Education","volume":"40","author":"Frantz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"31","article-title":"Nutrition in Medicine: Medical Students\u2019 Satisfaction, Perceived Relevance and Preparedness for Practice","volume":"4","author":"Mogre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Prof. Educ."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2019-000059","article-title":"Hidden curriculum within nutrition education in medical schools","volume":"3","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12972","article-title":"Evaluating nutrition education interventions for medical students: A rapid review","volume":"35","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"e551","article-title":"Is More Nutrition Education Needed in the Undergraduate Medical Curriculum?: Perceptions of graduates from a medical university in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"14","author":"Gomathi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2020.0063","article-title":"A culinary medicine elective for clinically experienced medical students: A pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Rothman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"209","article-title":"Nutrition in medical education: Reflections from an initiative at the University of Cambridge","volume":"7","author":"Ball","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v7n1p220","article-title":"Gender Comparisons of Physical Fitness Indexes in Inner Mongolia Medical Students in China","volume":"7","author":"Hao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.5455\/njppp.2017.7.0825604092016","article-title":"Metabolic equivalent task assessment for physical activity in medical students","volume":"7","author":"Ashok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20191618","article-title":"Study on practice of physical activity among medical interns in a private medical college hospital in Chennai","volume":"6","author":"Ramkumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahlqvist, S., Rees, B., Hoffmann, S., McCoombe, S., Santoro, G., and Kremer, P. (2022). Physical activity knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of pre-clinical medical students attending an Australian university. BMC Med. Educ., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03695-y"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.22454\/PRiMER.2021.249084","article-title":"Analysis of American Medical Students\u2019 Knowledge of Physical Activity Recommendations","volume":"5","author":"Adedokun","year":"2021","journal-title":"PRiMER"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.26773\/mjssm.2017.09.001","article-title":"Medical Students\u2019 Awareness of the Links between Physical Activity and Health","volume":"6","author":"Mandic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Montenegrin J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000518","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000518","article-title":"Lifestyle medicine and physical activity knowledge of final year UK medical students","volume":"5","author":"Radenkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoutenberg, M., Lewis, L.K., Jones, R.M., Portacio, F., Vidot, D.C., and Kornfeld, J. (2023). Assessing the current and desired levels of training and applied experiences in chronic disease prevention of students during medical school. BMC Med. Educ., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04044-3"},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"47","article-title":"Assessment of physical activity and physical fitness among undergraduate medical students","volume":"13","author":"Polina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.26773\/mjssm.180304","article-title":"A physical activity learning module improves medical students\u2019 skills and confidence for advising patients about physical activity","volume":"7","author":"Mandic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Montenegrin J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"426","article-title":"Attitudes of medical students, clinicians and sports scientists towards exercise counselling","volume":"10","author":"Gnanendran","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2019051","article-title":"Scoping review and international multi-centre cohort study investigating teaching, knowledge and beliefs regarding physical activity as a health intervention among medical students: A comparison between Singapore and the UK","volume":"60","author":"Chew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panton, Z.A., Smith, S., Duggan, M., Kodali, A., Donaghue, J.F., Riew, G.J., Seward, M., and Briggs, L.G. (2023). The Significance of Physical Activity Education: A Survey of Medical Students. Am. J. Lifestyle Med.","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276231187838"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.1111\/ajag.12412","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 perceptions of the importance of exercise and their perceived competence in prescribing exercise to older people","volume":"36","author":"Jadczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australas. J. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2023.04.004","article-title":"Nutrition and Physical Activity Interventions Provided by Nutrition and Exercise Practitioners for the General Population: An Evidence-Based Practice Guideline from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Council on Exercise","volume":"123","author":"Robinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupuis, L., Kay, D., Pasarica, M., Topping, D., Gonzalez, C., and Wasserstrom, S. (2021). Lifestyle Medicine at the University of Central Florida College of Medicine. Am. J. Lifestyle Med.","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276211011055"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827615580307","article-title":"Lifestyle Medicine Education","volume":"9","author":"Polak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012003564","article-title":"Determinants of Dutch general practitioners\u2019 nutrition and physical activity guidance practices","volume":"16","author":"Hiddink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827620918532","article-title":"Inspiring medical students to choose primary care through lifestyle medicine education","volume":"14","author":"Bermejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1800","article-title":"Learning healthy behavior? the impact of training in healthcare professions on lifestyles","volume":"21","author":"Bessey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essa-Hadad, J., Rudolf, M.C., Mani, N., and Malatskey, L. (2022). Mapping lifestyle medicine in undergraduate medical education: A lever for enhancing the curriculum. BMC Med. Educ., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03929-z"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276231186530","article-title":"Implementing Lifestyle Medicine in Undergraduate Medical Education at Riphah International University, Pakistan","volume":"18","author":"Sadiq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827616673339","article-title":"Moving toward a Better Balance","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276221114282","article-title":"Lifestyle Medicine Education: Medical School to Residency","volume":"17","author":"Veazey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/16\/2809\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:41:41Z","timestamp":1760110901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/16\/2809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"references-count":164,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16162809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16162809","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]}}}