{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:30:46Z","timestamp":1767375046377,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a high prevalence worldwide, with increasing incidence in low- and middle-income countries, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly from cardiovascular disease. Protein-restricted diets are one of the most widely used non-pharmacological approaches to slow the progression of CKD and prevent associated metabolic abnormalities. However, some concerns have been raised about the long-term safety of these diets, particularly with regard to patients\u2019 nutritional status and bone and mineral disorders. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review the most recent scientific evidence on the relevance of using protein-restricted diets (with or without keto-analogue supplementation) and, in particular, their relationships with malnutrition and mineral and bone disorders in people with CKD without kidney replacement therapies. Although protein-restricted diets, especially when supplemented with keto-analogues and highly personalized and monitored, do not appear to be associated with malnutrition, research on their effects on bone and mineral disorders is scarce, deserving further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16183098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T10:56:57Z","timestamp":1726484217000},"page":"3098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Low-Protein Diets, Malnutrition, and Bone Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cid\u00e1lia D.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia S.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), ESTG-IPLeiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Daniela C.","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), ESTG-IPLeiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Institute of Molecular Sciences, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"395","author":"Bikbov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00820-6","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease and the Global Public Health Agenda: An International Consensus","volume":"20","author":"Francis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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