{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:50:17Z","timestamp":1760057417280,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health, Comfort and Energy in the Built Environment (HEBE)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010","NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010","NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional Regional do Norte","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010","NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010","NORTE2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010","NORTE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000010","NORTE2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to assess the acute effects of two isoenergetic but micronutrient-diverse meals\u2014a Mediterranean-like meal (MdM) and a fast food-like meal (FFM)\u2014on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), lung function, and airway inflammation response. Methods: Forty-six participants were enrolled in a randomized crossover clinical trial, consuming two isoenergetic meals: FFM (burger, fries, and sugar-sweetened drink) and MdM (vegetable soup, whole-wheat pasta, salad, olive oil, sardines, fruit, and water). Pupillometry assessed parasympathetic (MaxD, MinD, Con, ACV, MCV) and sympathetic (ADV, T75) nervous system outcomes. Lung function and airway inflammation were measured before and after each meal through spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), respectively. Results: Mixed-effects model analysis showed that the MdM was associated with a hegemony of parasympathetic responses, with a significant increase of MaxD associated with a faster constriction velocity (ACV and MCV); on the other side, the FFM was associated with changes in the sympathetic response, showing a quicker redilation velocity (a decrease in T75). After adjusting for confounders, the mixed-effects models revealed that the FFM significantly decreased T75. Regarding lung function, a meal negatively impacted FVC (ae = \u22120.079, p &lt; 0.001) and FEV1 (ae = \u22120.04, p = 0.017); however, FeNO increased, although after adjusting, no difference between meals was seen. Conclusions: Our study showed that the FFM counteracted the parasympathetic activity of a meal, while a meal, irrespective of the type, decreased lung function and increased airway inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T08:05:42Z","timestamp":1739347542000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Acute Effects of a Fast-Food Meal Versus a Mediterranean Food Meal on the Autonomic Nervous System, Lung Function, and Airway Inflammation: A Randomized Crossover Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0656-7206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4202-451 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2400-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca Castro","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Stanzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3297-0445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00edlia","family":"Beltr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oksana","family":"Sokhatska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Severo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, 4050-321 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6310-4956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Padr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0003-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Garcia-Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2375-9071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4202-451 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE-Health, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7294-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Imunoalergologia, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4202-451 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M., de Castro Mendes, F., Paci\u00eancia, I., Barros, R., Padr\u00e3o, P., Cavaleiro Rufo, J., Silva, D., Delgado, L., Moreira, A., and Moreira, P. (2023). Diet quality, asthma and airway inflammation in school-aged children. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol., epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.23822\/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.301"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14052","article-title":"Diet and lung disease-Are fruits and vegetables the ideal whole-food intervention?","volume":"26","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"122","article-title":"Associations of a Plant-centered Diet and Lung Function Decline across Early to Mid-Adulthood: The CARDIA Lung Study","volume":"25","author":"Wharton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Sq."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Str\u00fcven, A., Holzapfel, C., Stremmel, C., and Brunner, S. (2021). Obesity, Nutrition and Heart Rate Variability. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084215"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12544","article-title":"Dietary patterns and asthma prevalence, incidence and control","volume":"45","author":"Barros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13527","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and lung function, sensitization, and asthma at school age: The PARIS cohort","volume":"32","author":"Amazouz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a034140","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a034140","article-title":"Bioelectronic Medicine: From Preclinical Studies on the Inflammatory Reflex to New Approaches in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Pavlov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108721","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and enteric nervous system during gut-brain disorders","volume":"197","author":"Fried","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agust\u00ed, A., Garc\u00eda-Pardo, M.P., L\u00f3pez-Almela, I., Campillo, I., Maes, M., Romani-P\u00e9rez, M., and Sanz, Y. (2018). Interplay Between the Gut-Brain Axis, Obesity and Cognitive Function. Front. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00155"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1069-2","article-title":"Autonomic Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis: A Specific Role for Sympathetic Nervous System Activation","volume":"18","author":"Carnagarin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.01.006","article-title":"Effects of weight changes in the autonomic nervous system: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2020.1753130","article-title":"Gender-Based Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Dietary Impact on Cardiac Autonomic Function of Heart Rate Variability","volume":"40","author":"George","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paci\u00eancia, I., Rufo, J.C., Silva, D., Martins, C., Mendes, F., Rama, T., Rodolfo, A., Madureira, J., Delgado, L., and Fernandes, E.d.O. (2019). School environment associates with lung function and autonomic nervous system activity in children: A cross-sectional study. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51659-y"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, F.d.C., Paci\u00eancia, I., Rufo, J.C., Farraia, M., Silva, D., Padr\u00e3o, P., Delgado, L., Garcia-Larsen, V., Moreira, A., and Moreira, P. (2021). Increasing Vegetable Diversity Consumption Impacts the Sympathetic Nervous System Activity in School-Aged Children. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051456"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0814","article-title":"Autonomic and Perceptual Responses to Induction of a Ketogenic Diet in Free-Living Endurance Athletes: A Randomized, Crossover Trial","volume":"16","author":"Maunder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laugero, K.D., and Keim, N.L. (2023). A Diet Pattern Characterized by Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Lower Decision-Making Performance in the Iowa Gambling Task, Elevated Stress Exposure, and Altered Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity in Men and Women. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183930"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-325441","article-title":"Asthma, classical conditioning, and the autonomic nervous system\u2014A hypothesis for why children wheeze","volume":"109","author":"Connett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13446","article-title":"Higher diversity of vegetable consumption is associated with less airway inflammation and prevalence of asthma in school-aged children","volume":"32","author":"Mendes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christensen, J.H. (2011). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Heart Rate Variability. Front. Physiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2011.00084"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2018.1445520","article-title":"Ingestion of coffee polyphenols suppresses deterioration of skin barrier function after barrier disruption, concomitant with the modulation of autonomic nervous system activity in healthy subjects","volume":"82","author":"Kagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-05067-2","article-title":"Physically active men present a healthier cardiometabolic profile in response to a balanced meal compared to inactive men","volume":"123","author":"Ennequin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4211","article-title":"Cardiac Autonomic Regulation in Response to a Mixed Meal Is Impaired in Obese Children and Adolescents: The Role Played by Insulin Resistance","volume":"99","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-016-0917-2","article-title":"Mediterranean meal versus Western meal effects on postprandial ox-LDL, oxidative and inflammatory gene expression in healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial for nutrigenomic approach in cardiometabolic risk","volume":"54","author":"Bernardini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nknecht, Y.B., Crommen, S., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Coenen, M., Fimmers, R., Stehle, P., Ramirez, A., and Egert, S. (2021). APOE \u025b4 Is Associated with Postprandial Inflammation in Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome Traits. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113924"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2792-7","article-title":"The effects of short-term fish oil supplementation on pulmonary function and airway inflammation following a high-fat meal","volume":"114","author":"Ade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14035","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14035","article-title":"Publication guidelines and recommendations for pupillary measurement in psychophysiological studies","volume":"59","author":"Steinhauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S669","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934749","article-title":"Eye pupil\u2014A window into central autonomic regulation via emotional\/cognitive processing","volume":"70","author":"Ferencova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, Z.M., Eikelis, N., Phillipou, A., Castle, D.J., Wilding, H.E., and Lambert, E.A. (2021). Autonomic Nervous System Function in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.682208"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001008","article-title":"Parasympathetic Activity and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in Athletes","volume":"48","author":"Stang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2018.05.010","article-title":"Meal-exercise challenge and physical activity reduction impact on immunity and inflammation (MERIIT trial)","volume":"10","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814555190","article-title":"Effect of a 1-Year Obesity Intervention (KLAKS Program) on Preexisting Autonomic Nervous Dysfunction in Childhood Obesity","volume":"30","author":"Petroff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.01.036","article-title":"A high-fat challenge increases airway inflammation and impairs bronchodilator recovery in asthma","volume":"127","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90346-9","article-title":"Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids","volume":"102","author":"Trumbo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H529","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00283.2023","article-title":"A single high-fat Western meal modulates vascular responsiveness to sympathetic activation at rest and during exercise in humans: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"325","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.9120-11ST","article-title":"An official ATS clinical practice guideline: Interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications","volume":"184","author":"Dweik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-710ST","article-title":"ATS\/ERS recommendations for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide, 2005","volume":"171","author":"Thoracic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2024, July 01). Measuring Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide Concentration in Asthma: NIOX MINO, NIOX VERO and NObreath. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/dg12."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Stanojevic, S. (2015, June 01). GLI-2012 Excel Sheet Calculator. Global Lung Function Initiative. Available online: https:\/\/gli-calculator.ersnet.org\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"22","article-title":"Exploratory study comparing dysautonomia between asthmatic and non-asthmatic elite swimmers","volume":"21","author":"Couto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) (2015, June 01). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Available online: https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Global Database on Body Mass Index: BMI Classification, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026698800742","article-title":"Postprandial Changes of Sympathovagal Balance Measured by Heart Rate Variability","volume":"44","author":"Lu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2004.10.009","article-title":"The effect of a high-carbohydrate meal on postprandial thermogenesis and sympathetic nervous system activity in boys with a recent onset of obesity","volume":"54","author":"Nagai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halnes, I., Baines, K.J., Berthon, B.S., MacDonald-Wicks, L.K., Gibson, P.G., and Wood, L.G. (2017). Soluble Fibre Meal Challenge Reduces Airway Inflammation and Expression of GPR43 and GPR41 in Asthma. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010057"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurti, S.P., Rosenkranz, S.K., Levitt, M., Cull, B.J., Teeman, C.S., Emerson, S.R., and Harms, C.A. (2015). Does moderate intensity exercise attenuate the postprandial lipemic and airway inflammatory response to a high-fat meal?. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/647952"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guilleminault, L., Williams, E.J., Scott, H.A., Berthon, B.S., Jensen, M., and Wood, L.G. (2017). Diet and Asthma: Is It Time to Adapt Our Message?. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111227"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M., Mendes, F.d.C., Delgado, L., Padr\u00e3o, P., Paci\u00eancia, I., Barros, R., Rufo, J.C., Silva, D., Moreira, A., and Moreira, P. (2023). Diet and Asthma: A Narrative Review. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13116398"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorli-Aguilar, M., Martin-Lujan, F., Flores-Mateo, G., Arija-Val, V., Basora-Gallisa, J., Sola-Alberich, R., and for the RESET Study Group investigators (2016). Dietary patterns are associated with lung function among Spanish smokers without respiratory disease. BMC Pulm. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0326-x"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra, H.C.O.A., Rudakoff, L.C.S., Muniz, A.K.O.A., Magalh\u00e3es, E.I.d.S., Bragan\u00e7a, M.L.B.M., Silva, A.A.M.d., Vianna, E.d.S.O., Bettiol, H., and Barbieri, M.A. (2023). Association between the Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Asthma in Adults from Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143165"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.09.009","article-title":"Effects of weight loss through lifestyle changes on heart rate variability in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Mattos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0466","article-title":"Effect of Low-Energy Diets Differing in Fiber, Red Meat, and Coffee Intake on Cardiac Autonomic Function in Obese Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Ziegler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.06.010","article-title":"Higher energy intake at dinner decreases parasympathetic activity during nighttime sleep in menstruating women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"194","author":"Tada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loper, H., Leinen, M., Bassoff, L., Sample, J., Romero-Ortega, M., Gustafson, K.J., Taylor, D.M., and Schiefer, M.A. (2021). Both high fat and high carbohydrate diets impair vagus nerve signaling of satiety. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89465-0"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.02.002","article-title":"Interleukin-6 produced by enteric neurons regulates the number and phenotype of microbe-responsive regulatory T cells in the gut","volume":"54","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polutchko, S.K., Glime, G.N.E., and Demmig-Adams, B. (2021). Synergistic Action of Membrane-Bound and Water-Soluble Antioxidants in Neuroprotection. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26175385"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666171114170642","article-title":"Polyphenols, Antioxidants and the Sympathetic Nervous System","volume":"24","author":"Bruno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahfoufi, N., Alsadi, N., Jambi, M., and Matar, C. (2018). The Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Role of Polyphenols. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111618"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, K., Huang, T., Zheng, J., Wu, K., and Li, D. (2014). Effect of Marine-Derived n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088103"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.07.002","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and dysregulations in biological stress systems","volume":"97","author":"Thesing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.905810","article-title":"Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with improved cardiac autonomic function among middle-aged men: A twin study","volume":"3","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(03)00322-6","article-title":"Differential effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate isoenergetic meals on cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in lean and obese women","volume":"52","author":"Tentolouris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.239202","article-title":"Provitamin A Carotenoid\u2013Biofortified Maize Consumption Increases Pupillary Responsiveness among Zambian Children in a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"146","author":"Palmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy069","article-title":"Nutritional Status Measures Are Correlated with Pupillary Responsiveness in Zambian Children","volume":"148","author":"Healy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yildiz, F., and Wiley, R.C. (2017). Bioactive Compounds of Fruits and Vegetables. Minimally Processed Refrigerated Fruits and Vegetables, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7018-6"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1159\/000510646","article-title":"The Acute Effect of Meal Timing on the Gut Microbiome and the Cardiometabolic Health of the Host: A Crossover Randomized Control Trial","volume":"76","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalin, R.-E., Martin-Lujan, F., Salamanca-Gonzalez, P., Palleja-Millan, M., Villalobos, F., Santigosa-Ayala, A., Pedret, A., Valls-Zamora, R.M., Sola, R., and on behalf of the MEDISTAR Research Group Investigators (2023). Mediterranean Diet and Lung Function in Adults Current Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in the MEDISTAR Project. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051272"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13243","article-title":"Dietary patterns and respiratory health in adults from nine European countries\u2014Evidence from the GA2LEN study","volume":"48","author":"Bakolis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602286","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02286-2016","article-title":"Dietary antioxidants and 10-year lung function decline in adults from the ECRHS survey","volume":"50","author":"Potts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1390-1","article-title":"Effects of a high-fat meal on pulmonary function in healthy subjects","volume":"109","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDiarmid, K.P., Wood, L.G., Upham, J.W., MacDonald-Wicks, L.K., Shivappa, N., Hebert, J.R., and Scott, H.A. (2022). The Impact of Meal Dietary Inflammatory Index on Exercise-Induced Changes in Airway Inflammation in Adults with Asthma. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204392"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"e202435","article-title":"Heart rate variability measurement and influencing factors: Towards the standardization of methodology","volume":"2024","author":"Damoun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Cardiol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00723-z","article-title":"Race and sex differences in cardiovascular autonomic regulation","volume":"30","author":"Farrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, L., Zheng, L., Jin, D., Lin, Z., Zhang, Q., and Zhang, M. (2022). Assessment of Combination of Automated Pupillometry and Heart Rate Variability to Detect Driving Fatigue. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.828428"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/4\/614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:29:30Z","timestamp":1760027370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/4\/614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17040614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17040614","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]]}}}