{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:52:38Z","timestamp":1760057558607,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04585\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.54499\/UIDB\/04585\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swimming is a highly demanding sport that requires the integration of multiple physical, physiological, and psychological factors for optimal performance. Despite its popularity, most swimmers are amateur, and few studies have assessed energy and nutrient intake at this athlete level. Therefore, the aim of the present pilot study was to evaluate energy and nutrient intake and compare them with the recommended values. Methods: The participants were recruited from local teams. To determine body composition, weight, height, and skinfold measurements were taken. Food intake assessment was conducted through a 3-day food log. Results: The sample was composed of 15 individuals, where 7 were female. There were no significant differences in energy and macronutrient intake between male and female swimmers, nor between rest or workout days. Despite protein intake being within the recommendation, the estimated average intake for energy was significantly lower than the recommended values. Female swimmers also showed an inadequate intake of calcium, iron, and zinc. Conclusions: Swimmers showed an inadequate energy and carbohydrate intake for their activity level. Female athletes also reported a low intake of crucial micronutrients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T08:01:19Z","timestamp":1739433679000},"page":"664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Energy and Key Micronutrient Intake in Amateur Swimmers: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Nutrition Research Group (GENA), Nutrition Lab\u2014Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0718-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Nutrition Research Group (GENA), Nutrition Lab\u2014Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6115-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Nutrition Research Group (GENA), Nutrition Lab\u2014Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2014-0015","article-title":"Nutrition for Swimming","volume":"24","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuura, Y., Matsunaga, N., Iizuka, S., Akuzawa, H., and Kaneoka, K. (2020). Muscle Synergy of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming in Elite Male Swimmers. Front. Sports Act. Living, 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.00062"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2015-0420","article-title":"Determinant Factors of Long-Term Performance Development in Young Swimmers","volume":"12","author":"Morais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, T., Cimadoro, G., and Legg, H.S. (2024). Physical Performance Determinants in Competitive Youth Swimmers: A Systematic Review. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-023-00767-4"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04270-y","article-title":"The Energy Cost of Swimming and Its Determinants","volume":"120","author":"Zamparo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Fuentes-Garc\u00eda, J.P., Fernandes, R.J., and Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2021). Psychological and Physiological Features Associated with Swimming Performance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094561"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0210-x","article-title":"Coordination Pattern Variability Provides Functional Adaptations to Constraints in Swimming Performance","volume":"44","author":"Seifert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.07.003","article-title":"Inter-Limb Coordination and Energy Cost in Swimming","volume":"17","author":"Seifert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.893020","article-title":"Career Performance Trajectories of Olympic Swimmers: Benchmarks for Talent Development","volume":"14","author":"Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barry, L., Lyons, M., McCreesh, K., Myers, T., Powell, C., and Comyns, T. (2024). The Relationship Between Training Load and Injury in Competitive Swimming: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app142210411"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000461","article-title":"Training-Related Risk of Common Illnesses in Elite Swimmers over a 4-Yr Period","volume":"47","author":"Hellard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-652","article-title":"Change of the Age and Performance of Swimmers across World Championships and Olympic Games Finals from 1992 to 2013\u2014A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Valeri","year":"2014","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espada, M.C., Ferreira, C.C., Gamonales, J.M., Hern\u00e1ndez-Beltr\u00e1n, V., Massini, D.A., Macedo, A.G., Almeida, T.A.F., Castro, E.A., and Pess\u00f4a Filho, D.M. (2023). Body Composition Relationship to Performance, Cardiorespiratory Profile, and Tether Force in Youth Trained Swimmers. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13091806"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2015.05.001","article-title":"The Influence of Maximal Strength Performance of Upper and Lower Extremities and Trunk Muscles on Different Sprint Swim Performances in Adolescent Swimmers","volume":"30","author":"Keiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3233\/IES-2003-0143","article-title":"The Relationship between Lean Body Mass and Isokinetic Peak Torque of Knee Extensors and Flexors in Young Male and Female Swimmers","volume":"11","author":"Mameletzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Isokinet. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy001","article-title":"Fundamentals of Glycogen Metabolism for Coaches and Athletes","volume":"76","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.14.1.81","article-title":"Nutritional Status of Brazilian Elite Swimmers","volume":"14","author":"Paschoal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2012.410133","article-title":"Comparison of Nutritional Intake in US Adolescent Swimmers and Non-Athletes","volume":"04","author":"Collins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.14.5.574","article-title":"Dietary Intake and Nutritional Practices of Elite Greek Aquatic Athletes","volume":"14","author":"Farajian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000852","article-title":"Nutrition and Athletic Performance","volume":"48","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0020","article-title":"IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete","volume":"28","author":"Maughan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2020.100229","article-title":"Micronutrient Deficiency in Athletes and Inefficiency of Supplementation: Is Low Energy Availability a Culprit?","volume":"14","author":"Jordan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PharmaNutrition"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laffond, A., Rivera-Pic\u00f3n, C., Rodr\u00edguez-Mu\u00f1oz, P.M., Ju\u00e1rez-Vela, R., Ruiz De Vi\u00f1aspre-Hern\u00e1ndez, R., Navas-Echazarreta, N., and S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.L. (2023). Mediterranean Diet for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: An Updated Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153356"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky113","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Meta-Review","volume":"28","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnard, N.D., Goldman, D.M., Loomis, J.F., Kahleova, H., Levin, S.M., Neabore, S., and Batts, T.C. (2019). Plant-Based Diets for Cardiovascular Safety and Performance in Endurance Sports. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010130"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521003202","article-title":"The Mediterranean Dietary Pattern for Optimising Health and Performance in Competitive Athletes: A Narrative Review","volume":"128","author":"Griffiths","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le\u00e3o, C., Rocha-Rodrigues, S., Machado, I., Lemos, J., Leal, S., and Nobari, H. (2023). Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Young Male Soccer Players. BMC Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-023-00761-6"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muros, J., and Zabala, M. (2018). Differences in Mediterranean Diet Adherence between Cyclists and Triathletes in a Sample of Spanish Athletes. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101480"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Marfell-Jones, M., Vaquero-Crist\u00f3bal, R., and Esparza Ros, F. (2019). ISAK Accreditation Handbook (2019), The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19740060","article-title":"Body Fat. Assessed from Total Body Density and Its Estimation from Skinfold Thickness: Measurements on 481 Men and Women Aged from 16 to 72 Years","volume":"32","author":"Durnin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202353","article-title":"How Well Do Skinfold Equations Predict Percent Body Fat in Elite Soccer Players?","volume":"30","author":"Reilly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00640643","article-title":"Relative Body Fat and Anthropometric Prediction of Body Density of Male Athletes","volume":"56","author":"Withers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Europ. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.796","article-title":"Total-Body Skeletal Muscle Mass: Development and Cross-Validation of Anthropometric Prediction Models","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.A., Garc\u00eda-Arellano, A., Toledo, E., Salas-Salvad\u00f3, J., Buil-Cosiales, P., Corella, D., Covas, M.I., Schr\u00f6der, H., Ar\u00f3s, F., and G\u00f3mez-Gracia, E. (2012). A 14-Item Mediterranean Diet Assessment Tool and Obesity Indexes among High-Risk Subjects: The PREDIMED Trial. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043134"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"168","article-title":"Ingesta de Energ\u00eda y Nutrientes; Armonizaci\u00f3n de Las Bases de Datos de Composici\u00f3n de Alimentos","volume":"31","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"PORTFIR (2021). Portuguese Food Composition Table, INSA."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2017). Dietary Reference Values for Nutrients Summary Report. EFS3, 14, e15121.","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2017.e15121"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"WHO (2006). Global Database on Body Mass Index: BMI Classification."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Going, S.B., Heymsfield, S., and Lohman, T.G. (2005). Human Body Composition, Human Kinetics Publishers. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492596950"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dopsaj, M., Zuoziene, I.J., Mili\u0107, R., Cherepov, E., Erlikh, V., Masiulis, N., Di Nino, A., and Vodi\u010dar, J. (2020). Body Composition in International Sprint Swimmers: Are There Any Relations with Performance?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249464"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.4.442","article-title":"The Effect of Time of Day on Cold Water Ingestion by High-Level Swimmers in a Tropical Climate","volume":"8","author":"Hue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200212000-00037","article-title":"Association of Swim Distance and Age with Body Composition in Adult Female Swimmers","volume":"34","author":"Tuuri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.12.26","article-title":"Seasonal Effects on Body Composition, Muscle Characteristics, and Performance of Collegiate Swimmers and Divers","volume":"52","author":"Roelofs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenner, S.L., Buckley, G.L., Belski, R., Devlin, B.L., and Forsyth, A.K. (2019). Dietary Intakes of Professional and Semi-Professional Team Sport Athletes Do Not Meet Sport Nutrition Recommendations\u2014A Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051160"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renard, M., Kelly, D.T., Ch\u00e9illeachair, N.N., and Cath\u00e1in, C.\u00d3. (2021). How Does the Dietary Intake of Female Field-Based Team Sport Athletes Compare to Dietary Recommendations for Health and Performance? A Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041235"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.25.3.154","article-title":"Dietary Intakes of Age-Group Swimmers","volume":"25","author":"Hawley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"501","article-title":"Nutritional Practices of Elite Swimmers during an Intensified Training Camp: With Particular Reference to Antioxidants","volume":"52","author":"Slattery","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112332","article-title":"A Validation Study Comparing Energy and Nutrient Intake between a Web-Based Food Frequency Questionnaire and a 4-d Dietary Record","volume":"120","author":"Eke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Willett, W. (2010). Reproducibility and Validity of Food Frequency Questionnaires. Nutritional Epidemiology, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.02.007","article-title":"Overview of Dietary Assessment Methods for Measuring Intakes of Foods, Beverages, and Dietary Supplements in Research Studies","volume":"70","author":"Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2014009","DOI":"10.4178\/epih\/e2014009","article-title":"Dietary Assessment Methods in Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"36","author":"Shim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-964907","article-title":"Imbalanced Nutrition of Top-Level Swimmers","volume":"28","author":"Kabasakalis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman, M., Nguyen, C., Shetty, M., Oppezzo, M., Barrack, M., and Fredericson, M. (2023). Popular Dietary Trends\u2019 Impact on Athletic Performance: A Critical Analysis Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163511"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2014-0034","article-title":"Relationship Between General Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Quality in Elite Athletes","volume":"25","author":"Spronk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0135","article-title":"Social Media as a Nutrition Resource for Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Survey","volume":"29","author":"Bourke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.11.2.199","article-title":"Food Sources of Calcium in a Sample of African-American and Euro-American Collegiate Athletes","volume":"11","author":"Slawson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112020","article-title":"Lower Calcium and Iron Intake in Adolescent Gymnasts: A Case of Concern for Youth Sports Nutrition","volume":"110","author":"Vicente","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9214926","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9214926","article-title":"The Assessment of the Supply of Calcium and Vitamin D in the Diet of Women Regularly Practicing Sport","volume":"2019","author":"Wrzosek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cormick, G., and Beliz\u00e1n, J.M. (2019). Calcium Intake and Health. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071606"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14758","article-title":"Calcium Deficiency Worldwide: Prevalence of Inadequate Intakes and Associated Health Outcomes","volume":"1512","author":"Shlisky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h4183","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4183","article-title":"Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Density: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"351","author":"Tai","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kongpharm, K., Nakklay, P., Kongtong, C., Tanapumchai, P., Prapkree, L., Rueangsri, N., and Singhato, A. (2024). Impacts of People At-Risk of Either Cow Milk Allergies or Lactose Intolerance on Their Daily Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Density. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1421275"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fructuoso, I., Rom\u00e3o, B., Han, H., Raposo, A., Ariza-Montes, A., Araya-Castillo, L., and Zandonadi, R.P. (2021). An Overview on Nutritional Aspects of Plant-Based Beverages Used as Substitutes for Cow\u2019s Milk. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082650"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01936-3","article-title":"Nutritional and Health Attributes of Milk and Milk Imitations","volume":"59","author":"Ahrens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-017-0668-9","article-title":"Do Calcium Supplements Predispose to Urolithiasis?","volume":"18","author":"Kozyrakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.03.035","article-title":"Dietary Saturated, Monounsaturated, or Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Estimated 10-Year Risk of a First Hard Cardiovascular Event","volume":"136","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumssa, D.B., Joy, E.J.M., Ander, E.L., Watts, M.J., Young, S.D., Walker, S., and Broadley, M.R. (2015). Dietary Calcium and Zinc Deficiency Risks Are Decreasing but Remain Prevalent. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10974"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessells, K.R., and Brown, K.H. (2012). Estimating the Global Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency: Results Based on Zinc Availability in National Food Supplies and the Prevalence of Stunting. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050568"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessels, I., Maywald, M., and Rink, L. (2017). Zinc as a Gatekeeper of Immune Function. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121286"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.100","article-title":"Respiratory Inflammation and Infections in High-performance Athletes","volume":"94","author":"Gleeson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27661","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease Risk of Dietary Stearic Acid Compared with Trans, Other Saturated, and Unsaturated Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review","volume":"91","author":"Hunter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01191-6","article-title":"Protective Role of Zinc in the Pathogenesis of Respiratory Diseases","volume":"77","author":"Luan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2022.2054665","article-title":"Influence of Physical Training on Intracellular and Extracellular Zinc Concentrations","volume":"19","author":"Grijota","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, B., Pinto, T., Aires, A., Morais, M.C., Bacelar, E., Anjos, R., Ferreira-Cardoso, J., Oliveira, I., Vilela, A., and Cosme, F. (2023). Composition of Nuts and Their Potential Health Benefits\u2014An Overview. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12050942"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, C.L., Matias, C.N., Santos, D.A., Morgado, J.P., Monteiro, C.P., Sousa, M., Minderico, C.S., Rocha, P.M., St-Onge, M.-P., and Sardinha, L.B. (2018). Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes. Medicina, 54.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54030041"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmac104","article-title":"High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Higher Physical Fitness in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mesas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, M., Vasconcelos, M., and Pinto, E. (2020). Pulse Consumption among Portuguese Adults: Potential Drivers and Barriers towards a Sustainable Diet. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113336"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neale, E.P., Tran, G., and Brown, R.C. (2020). Barriers and Facilitators to Nut Consumption: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17239127"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-022-00899-z","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean Diet in Athletes: A Narrative Review","volume":"18","author":"Calella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport Sci. Health"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/4\/664\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:32:40Z","timestamp":1760027560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/4\/664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17040664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17040664","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]}}}