{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:45:07Z","timestamp":1774979107649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The accumulation of \u03b2-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation are key hallmarks of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as major triggers and amplifiers of neuroinflammatory responses, contributing to immune dysregulation and neuronal damage. Despite extensive research, no effective therapy halts or reverses AD progression, emphasizing the need for alternative preventive strategies, including the use of natural compounds. Objectives: This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of simulated digestive fractions (permeate fraction) of mushroom biomass (MB)\u2014Trametes versicolor (TV), Hericium erinaceus (HE), and Pleurotus ostreatus (PO)\u2014and key gut microbiota-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on ROS production in human microglial cells (HMC3) and in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans models exhibiting hyperphosphorylated Tau and \u03b2-amyloid-induced toxicity. Methods: Cell viability and ROS production were assessed in HMC3 cells treated with mushroom fractions and metabolites. Chemotaxis and paralysis assays were performed in transgenic C. elegans strains expressing hyperphosphorylated Tau or \u03b2-amyloid proteins. Results: Mushroom digestive fractions and SCFAs significantly decreased ROS levels in HMC3 cells. Moreover, mushroom digestive fractions, butyric acid, and GABA improved behavioral outcomes in C. elegans, enhancing chemotaxis and delaying paralysis. These effects were dose-dependent and varied among mushroom species and metabolites. Conclusions: Mushroom-derived digestive fractions and microbiota-related metabolites exhibit neuroprotective activity by modulating oxidative stress and mitigating neurodegeneration-associated behaviors. Diets enriched with such MBs may support preventive strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. Further research is required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these protective effects and their translational potential for human neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17243867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1765451847000},"page":"3867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuroprotective Effects of Mushroom Biomass Digestive Fractions and Gut Microbiota Metabolites in Microglial and Caenorhabditis elegans Models of Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8916-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Ara\u00fajo-Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Glial Cell Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto (UP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2636-8631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Garz\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1679-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Sofia","family":"Salsinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7636-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Bettencourt","family":"Relvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glial Cell Biology, i3S-Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto (UP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2014Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto (UP), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freni K.","family":"Tavaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6592-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celestino","family":"Santos-Buelga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Param\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela E.","family":"Pintado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina\u2014Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.24976\/Discov.Med.202335178.71","article-title":"Etiology of Alzheimer\u2019 s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. 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