{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T16:31:55Z","timestamp":1766507515873,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and aims: Reward-based eating reflects hedonic drivers of intake, including loss of control, diminished satiety, and preoccupation with food. We translated, adapted and studied the psychometric properties of the 13- and 5-item Reward-Based Eating Drive Scale (RED), for Portugal, Poland and Italy. Methods: A cross-cultural study was conducted with higher education students and general population samples (n = 1999). After translation and cultural adaptation, the RED was administered with food craving items, and collection of sociodemographic and anthropometric data. Factorial structure and measurement invariance were tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal consistency with Cronbach\u2019s alpha, and convergent validity via correlations with BMI and cravings. Results: CFA supported the expected structures of the RED-13 (three factors) and RED-X5 (unifactorial), with configural and metric invariance across countries and groups. Only partial scalar invariance was achieved for both versions. The RED-13 showed good to excellent internal consistency for total scores (0.868 \u2264 \u03b1 \u2264 0.906), with acceptable to good reliability for Loss of control (0.769 \u2264 \u03b1 \u2264 0.821), lower values for Lack of satiety (0.655 \u2264 \u03b1 \u2264 0.723), and good to excellent consistency for Preoccupation with food (0.881 \u2264 \u03b1 \u2264 0.918). The RED-X5 showed acceptable internal consistency (0.737 \u2264 \u03b1 \u2264 0.811) and correlated strongly with RED-13 (r = 0.949, p &lt; 0.001). Both correlated positively with BMI and food cravings. Age, sex, and country had small to medium multivariate effects on RED scores. Conclusions: The RED-13 and RED-X5 showed good psychometric properties in Portugal, Poland, and Italy, with the RED-13 providing a multifactorial assessment and the RED-X5 offering a brief alternative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:05:22Z","timestamp":1766498722000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Reward-Based Eating Drive Scale (RED-13) and Its Brief Version (RED-5X) in Three European Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9177-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Po\u00ednhos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1981-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Kowalkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, S\u0142oneczna 45F, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4309-4928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Milan, Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6238-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tain\u00e1 Lopes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3347-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Plichta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1014-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Folzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Milan, Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1408-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iolanda","family":"Cioffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7685-8431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Maria Pandolfo","family":"Feoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2693-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Porrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4697-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janete de Souza","family":"Urbanetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology (GERONBIO), School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5867-8074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Bertoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity Unit and Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20145 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno M. P. M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support, Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (LIIAD, INESC-TEC), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/21.212","article-title":"Behavioral weight loss and maintenance: A 25-year research program informing innovative programming","volume":"26","author":"Annesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000602","article-title":"The neurobiology of food intake in an obesogenic environment","volume":"71","author":"Berthoud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. 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