{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T21:37:30Z","timestamp":1772660250128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The consumption of water with very low mineral content (W-VLMC; water with total dissolved solids below 50 mg\/L), despite limited and inconsistent evidence and the resulting knowledge gaps, has not been associated with health risks for the general population. However, certain population subgroups (those eating very unbalanced diets or avoiding certain foods, engaged in prolonged periods of fasting, and\/or doing prolonged or strenuous exercise as well as pregnant or breastfeeding women) should be mindful of maintaining sufficient intake of all essential minerals through their food if regularly using this type of water as their main beverage. The rapid expansion of water filtration systems\u2014often producing W-VLMC\u2014creates a timely and valuable opportunity to advance research on the health implications of W-VLMC intake. As these systems become increasingly common in educational settings and homes, children represent a subgroup experiencing rising exposure to W-VLMC. Additional studies are needed to assess the health effects of such exposure from early childhood. A complementary yet contrasting perspective is that the use of water intended for human consumption\u2014with stringent quality control standards\u2014and natural mineral waters\u2014inherently pure, thus eliminating the need for filtration\u2014with higher mineralization in both types of water, may provide an additional dietary source of essential minerals, especially for all the population subgroups mentioned above.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T23:54:36Z","timestamp":1766966076000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Should Children Drink Water with Very Low Mineral Content? Implications of the Global Expansion of Water Filtration Systems and Relevance of Consumption of Water with Higher Mineralization Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9934-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cid\u00e1lia D.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"LSRE-LCM\u2014Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-3261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2009). Exploitation and Marketing of Natural Mineral Waters. Standard No. Directive 2009\/54\/EC. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32009L0054."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020). Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption. Standard No. Directive 2020\/2184. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2020\/2184\/oj\/eng."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, January 10). Nutrients in Drinking Water. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/ee809f3c-d909-4138-9242-002bce630853\/content."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, March 08). Hardness in Drinking-Water. Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Available online: https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/wash-documents\/wash-chemicals\/hardness-bd.pdf?sfvrsn=a13853a9_4."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, March 08). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Fourth Edition Incorporating First Addendum, 4th ed., 1st add. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/254637."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (2025, April 07). Health Risk Assessment of Mineral Water with Very Low Mineral Content. Available online: https:\/\/www.bfr.bund.de\/cm\/349\/health-risk-assessment-of-mineral-water-with-very-low-mineral-content.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"European Federation of Bottled Waters (2025, April 07). Natural Mineral & Spring Waters. The Natural Choice For Hydration. Available online: https:\/\/www.apiam.pt\/images\/newsconteudo\/ficheiro1\/149_EFBW.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-30.2.118","article-title":"Bottled Water: Understanding a Social Phenomenon","volume":"30","author":"Ferrier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa-Vieira, D., Monteiro, R., and Martins, M.J. (2019). Metabolic Syndrome Features: Is There a Modulation Role by Mineral Water Consumption? A Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051141"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"159","article-title":"Sodium-rich carbonated natural mineral water ingestion and blood pressure","volume":"29","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rylander, R., and Arnaud, M.J. (2004). Mineral water intake reduces blood pressure among subjects with low urinary magnesium and calcium levels. BMC Public Health, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-4-56"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2008.054","article-title":"A systematic review of analytical observational studies investigating the association between cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness","volume":"6","author":"Catling","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toxqui, L., and Vaquero, M.P. (2016). An Intervention with Mineral Water Decreases Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers. A Crossover, Randomised, Controlled Trial with Two Mineral Waters in Moderately Hypercholesterolaemic Adults. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070400"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1094-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a natural mineral water rich in magnesium and sulphate for bowel function: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"56","author":"Bothe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"173","article-title":"Natural mineral waters: Chemical characteristics and health effects","volume":"13","author":"Quattrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Min. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112773","article-title":"The revised European Directive 2020\/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. A step forward in risk assessment, consumer safety and informative communication","volume":"209","author":"Dettori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104589","article-title":"Regulations for calcium, magnesium or hardness in drinking water in the European Union member states","volume":"112","author":"Kozisek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz161","article-title":"Consumption of Very Low Mineral Water Is Associated with Lower Bone Mineral Content in Children","volume":"149","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e49119","article-title":"The Role of Low Mineral Water Consumption in Reducing the Mineral Density of Bones and Teeth: A Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"V","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18725","article-title":"The effects of low mineral content water on microbiota, metabolic, and oxidative stress parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Jovicic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-020-03792-w","article-title":"The impact of low mineral content water on cardiac function in diabetic rats: Focus on oxidative stress","volume":"472","author":"Lalovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2025, May 20). Data Bridge; Market Research. Available online: https:\/\/www.marketresearch.com\/DataBridge-v4178\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2025, May 20). Safe Drinking Water Foundation. Available online: https:\/\/www.safewater.org\/fact-sheets-1\/2017\/1\/23\/ultrafiltrationnanoandro."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zhou, Y., Feng, Z., Rui, X., Zhang, T., and Zhang, Z. (2019). A Review on Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Membranes for Water Purification. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11081252"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2025, November 17). Water Defense. What Do Water Softeners Remove?. Available online: https:\/\/waterdefense.org\/water-softener\/guide\/minerals-removed\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2025, March 25). Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/guidelines-canadian-drinking-water-quality-guideline-technical-document-calcium.html."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2025, October 10). Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Operational Parameters\u2014Canada.ca. Appendix E: Intake of Sodium as a Result of Water Softener Use, by Hardness Level. Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/programs\/guidelines-canadian-drinking-water-quality-operational-parameters.html#appe."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113650","article-title":"Is direct-drinking water safe for children? An analysis of direct-drinking water quality and its risk factors in Shanghai elementary and middle schools","volume":"231","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Env. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Tan, Y., Wang, L., Lan, L., Luo, J., Wang, J., Zeng, H., and Shu, W. (2023). Consumption of very low-mineral water may threaten cardiovascular health by increasing homocysteine in children. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1133488"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.02.021","article-title":"Low-mineral direct drinking water in school may retard height growth and increase dental caries in schoolchildren in China","volume":"115","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Env. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, H., Gong, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Wang, Y., Ni, M., Zhang, J., and Jiang, H. (2024). Contribution of direct-drinking water to calcium and magnesium and the influence on the height in school-age children. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1434952"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"461","article-title":"Association between calcium content of drinking water and fractures in children","volume":"37","author":"Mas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Esp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.053","article-title":"Association between exposure to desalinated sea water and ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer; A population-based study in Israel","volume":"166","author":"Shlezinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.241","article-title":"Desalinated seawater supply and all-cause mortality in hospitalized acute myocardial infarction patients from the Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Survey 2002\u20132013","volume":"220","author":"Shlezinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"641","article-title":"Hyponatremic Seizures among infants fed with commercial bottled drinking water\u2014Wisconsin, 1993","volume":"43","author":"Bruce","year":"1994","journal-title":"CDC Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. MMWR"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, C., Pagano, I., Castaldo, G., Grimaldi, M., D\u2019Elia, M., Santoro, A., Conte, A., Molettieri, P., Parisella, C., and Buonocore, M. (2023). Supplementing Low-Sodium Bicarbonate-Calcic (Lete)\u00ae Water: Effects in Women on Bone and Systemic Metabolism. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13111109"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.06.017","article-title":"Nationwide data on municipal drinking water and hip fracture: Could calcium and magnesium be protective? A NOREPOS study","volume":"57","author":"Dahl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.07.020","article-title":"Population data on calcium in drinking water and hip fracture: An association may depend on other minerals in water. A NOREPOS study","volume":"81","author":"Dahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008765","article-title":"Magnesium in drinking water and death from acute myocardial infarction","volume":"143","author":"Rubenowitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00007","article-title":"Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and death from acute myocardial infarction in women","volume":"10","author":"Rubenowitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2005.12.019","article-title":"Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from acute myocardial infarction in Taiwan","volume":"101","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bykowska-Derda, A., Spychala, M., Czlapka-Matyasik, M., Sojka, M., Bykowski, J., and Ptak, M. (2023). The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12173255"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2013.03.004","article-title":"The mineral content of tap water in United States households","volume":"31","author":"Patterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2011.07.009","article-title":"Major and trace elements in tap water from Italy","volume":"112","author":"Dinelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000139031.46192.7e","article-title":"Calcium bioavailability from a calcium-rich mineral water, with some observations on method","volume":"38","author":"Bacciottini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070032","article-title":"Calcium supplementation with calcium-rich mineral waters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of its bioavailability","volume":"11","author":"Bohmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"9","article-title":"Magnesium absorption from mineral waters of different magnesium content in healthy subjects","volume":"13","author":"Kleczka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forsch Komplementmed"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384686","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1384686","article-title":"Magnesium bioavailability from mineral waters with different mineralization levels in comparison to bread and a supplement","volume":"61","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2257.2003.00501.x","article-title":"A randomized trial investigating an iron-rich natural mineral water as a prophylaxis against iron deficiency in pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"McKenna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"188","article-title":"The calcium concentration of public drinking waters and bottled mineral waters in Spain and its contribution to satisfying nutritional needs","volume":"30","author":"Vitoria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"71","article-title":"Variations in the mineral content of bottled \u2018carbonated or sparkling\u2019 water across Europe: A comparison of 126 brands across 10 countries","volume":"74","author":"Stoots","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2020.0677","article-title":"Variations in the Mineral Content of Bottled \"Still\" Water Across Europe: Comparison of 182 Brands Across 10 Countries","volume":"35","author":"Stoots","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoots, S.J.M., Kamphuis, G.M., Geraghty, R., Vogt, L., Henderickx, M.M.E.L., Hameed, B.M.Z., Ibrahim, S., Pietropaolo, A., Jamnadass, E., and Aljumaiah, S.M. (2021). Global Variations in the Mineral Content of Bottled Still and Sparkling Water and a Description of the Possible Impact on Nephrological and Urological Diseases. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132807"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2025, December 13). InformedHealth.org. In Brief: How Can You Get Enough Calcium?, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279330\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900115","article-title":"Effect of calcium supplementation as a high-calcium mineral water on bone loss in early postmenopausal women","volume":"59","author":"Cepollaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343658","article-title":"Importance of bioavailable calcium drinking water for the maintenance of bone mass in post-menopausal women","volume":"22","author":"Costi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1828-6","article-title":"Consumption of a high calcium mineral water lowers biochemical indices of bone remodeling in postmenopausal women with low calcium intake","volume":"16","author":"Meunier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, C., Guede, D., Dur\u00e3es, C., Brand\u00e3o, I., Silva, N., Passos, E., Bernardes, M., Monteiro, R., and Martins, M.J. (2019). Differential Modulation of Cancellous and Cortical Distal Femur by Fructose and Natural Mineral-Rich Water Consumption in Ovariectomized Female Sprague Dawley Rats. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102316"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.435S","article-title":"The effect of the alkali load of mineral water on bone metabolism: Interventional studies","volume":"138","author":"Burckhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"380","article-title":"Biological effects of drinking-water mineral composition on calcium balance and bone remodeling markers","volume":"8","author":"Roux","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-021-06272-z","article-title":"Mineral-rich water consumption as a non-pharmacological intervention for early menopausal bone mineral density preservation and reduction of long-term fracture risk: Comment on Billington et al. Os-teoporos Int. 2021;32(7):1313\u201320","volume":"33","author":"Bernardes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vannucci, L., Fossi, C., Quattrini, S., Guasti, L., Pampaloni, B., Gronchi, G., Giusti, F., Romagnoli, C., Cianferotti, L., and Marcucci, G. (2018). Calcium Intake in Bone Health: A Focus on Calcium-Rich Mineral Waters. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121930"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.09.007","article-title":"Alkaline mineral water lowers bone resorption even in calcium sufficiency: Alkaline mineral water and bone metabolism","volume":"44","author":"Wynn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b15-00630","article-title":"Interaction between Bisphosphonates and Mineral Water: Study of Oral Risedronate Absorption in Rats","volume":"39","author":"Itoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000282958","article-title":"Effect of mineral water containing calcium and magnesium on calcium oxalate urolithiasis risk factors","volume":"58","author":"Rodgers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"448","article-title":"The influence of South African mineral water on reduction of risk of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation","volume":"88","author":"Rodgers","year":"1998","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601778","article-title":"Influence of a mineral water rich in calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate on urine composition and the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization","volume":"58","author":"Siener","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansouri, K., Hanh, T., and Hahn, A. (2025). Hydration Meets Regulation: Insights into Bicarbonate Mineral Water and Acid-Base Balance. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142291"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pop, M.S., Cheregi, D.C., Onose, G., Munteanu, C., Popescu, C., Rotariu, M., Turnea, M.-A., Dogaru, G., Ionescu, E.V., and Oprea, D. (2023). Exploring the Potential Benefits of Natural Calcium-Rich Mineral Waters for Health and Wellness: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143126"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.12680\/balneo.2025.773","article-title":"Mineral Waters with a Potential to Control and Prevent Meta-bolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Sokrateva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Balneo PRM Res. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presta, V., Ambrosini, L., Carubbi, C., Masselli, E., Mirandola, P., Arcari, M.L., Gobbi, G., and Vitale, M. (2021). Different Waters for Different Performances: Can We Imagine Sport-Related Natural Mineral Spring Waters?. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13020166"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2023.103826","article-title":"Influence of cooking water hardness on the chemical, colour and textural characteristics of bulgur at different processing stages","volume":"115","author":"Michel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2025.118014","article-title":"Retention of minerals, antioxidants, pigments, and glucosin-olates by broccoli florets and green bean pods boiled in alkaline, neutral and acidic waters","volume":"227","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e651","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041133","article-title":"Letter by Klevay Regarding Article, \u201cLong-Term Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Mortality in US Adults\u201d","volume":"140","author":"Klevay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/1\/103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:05:31Z","timestamp":1766966731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/1\/103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18010103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18010103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]}}}