{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T06:04:05Z","timestamp":1771135445482,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2020\/09936-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/09936-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021\/03601-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/03601-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Our objective was to evaluate the acute effect of L-leucine supplementation and high-intensity sprint exercise on appetite-controlling neuropeptides and their association with the subjective perception of appetite (SPA), satiety (SPS), food intake, and inflammatory response in overweight participants. Methods: In a double-masked, randomized, counterbalanced, and crossover design, 12 sedentary overweight adult men performed four experiments: (1) exercise and L-leucine (EX-Leu), (2) exercise and placebo (EX-PLA), (3) L-leucine without exercise (SED-Leu), and (4) placebo without exercise (SED-PLA). The supplementation consisted of three daily doses of 70 mg\/kg body weight of L-leucine or placebo (on the day of exercise and one day after). During the experiments, we recorded the food intake, SPA, and SPS, and evaluated the neuropeptides (GLP-1, PYY, CCK, and ghrelin) and cytokines (IL1-beta, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-\u03b1) in peripheral blood. The acute exercise trial consisted of four sets of 30 sec cycle ergometer sprint exercises. Results: EX-Leu, EX-PLA, and SED-Leu decreased SPA, compared to SED-PLA; only EX-PLA improved SPS; EX-PLA and EX-Leu reduced food intake. GLP-1 decreased in the EX-PLA trial compared to SED-Leu. IL-6 and IL1-\u03b2 levels increased in the EX-Leu trial compared to SED-PLA. An anti-inflammatory profile was identified in the EX-PLA trial compared to the other trials. Both neuropeptides (increased) and cytokines (a pro-inflammatory profile) were associated with changes in SPA, SPS, and food intake. Conclusions: The acute inflammatory balance induced by EX-Leu seems to improve appetite control. Sprint exercise had a consistent acute anorexic effect, while isolated L-leucine decreased SPA, but their impact on SPS and food intake is not clear (FAPESP grants: 2020\/09936-2 and 2021\/03601-1).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18040614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T10:52:21Z","timestamp":1770979941000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute L-Leucine Supplementation and Sprint Exercise Elicit Distinct Appetite and Inflammatory Responses in Persons with Overweight: A Randomized, Counterbalanced, and Crossover Design Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5297-9458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias de","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04024-001, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Human Movement, S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu University, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7010-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronaldo Vagner","family":"Thomatieli-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04024-001, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9519-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita de C\u00e1ssia","family":"Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Movement, S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu University, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Mykaelen Malaquias","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Movement, S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu University, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4270-1614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Rugila","family":"Salval\u00e1gio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4836-1238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Raul A.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3534-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana C.","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9645-1003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio Santos","family":"Lira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, State University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 01049-010, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"CIPER, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7766-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erico das Chagas","family":"Caperuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Movement, S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu University, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-001, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4859","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5859","article-title":"Hypothalamic S1P\/S1PR1 axis controls energy homeostasis","volume":"5","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1747046","article-title":"High-fat or high-sugar diets as trigger inflammation in the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"61","author":"Jamar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.046","article-title":"The Vagus Nerve in Appetite Regulation, Mood, and Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"152","author":"Browning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.004","article-title":"Obesity as a Disease","volume":"102","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy023","article-title":"Consuming Lower-Protein Nutrition Bars with Added Leucine Elicits Postprandial Changes in Appetite Sensations in Healthy Women","volume":"148","author":"Bolster","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer-Gerspach, A.C., H\u00e4fliger, S., Meili, J., Doody, A., Rehfeld, J.F., Drewe, J., Beglinger, C., and W\u00f6lnerhanssen, B. (2016). Effect of L-Tryptophan and L-Leucine on Gut Hormone Secretion, Appetite Feelings and Gastric Emptying Rates in Lean and Non-Diabetic Obese Participants: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Trial. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166758"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124147","article-title":"Hypothalamic mTOR Signaling Regulates Food Intake","volume":"312","author":"Cota","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00148","article-title":"Central Amino Acid Sensing in the Control of Feeding Behavior","volume":"7","author":"Heeley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8302","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1668-09.2009","article-title":"Mediobasal hypothalamic leucine sensing regulates food intake through activation of a hypothalamus-brainstem circuit","volume":"29","author":"Blouet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)03267-4","article-title":"Extracellular amino acid profiles in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus are influenced by diet composition","volume":"892","author":"Choi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)02178-L","article-title":"Microdialysis as a tool to measure dietary and regional effects on the complete profile of extracellular amino acids in the hypothalamus of rats","volume":"57","author":"Currie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"De Fran\u00e7a, E. (2020). Efeito Agudo Da Suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o De L-Leucina Associada A Uma Sess\u00e3o De Sprint Intervalado De Alta Intensidade Na Ingest\u00e3o Cal\u00f3rica E Marcadores De Controle Do Apetite. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"25","article-title":"Effects of Branch Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Energy Intake in Normal Weight and Overweight\/Obese Individuals","volume":"3","author":"Salcido","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. J. Sci. Math"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00921.2011","article-title":"Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"111","author":"Little","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00218.2017","article-title":"Potential involvement of lactate and interleukin-6 in the appetite-regulatory hormonal response to an acute exercise bout","volume":"123","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.10.006","article-title":"Total PYY and GLP-1 responses to submaximal continuous and supramaximal sprint interval cycling in men","volume":"108","author":"Hazell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9426","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26818","article-title":"Exercise activates the hypothalamic S1PR1\u2013STAT3 axis through the central action of interleukin 6 in mice","volume":"233","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-020-00372-3","article-title":"The Impact of Physical Activity on Food Reward: Review and Conceptual Synthesis of Evidence from Observational, Acute, and Chronic Exercise Training Studies","volume":"9","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0229","article-title":"Energy intake over 2 days is unaffected by acute sprint interval exercise despite increased appetite and energy expenditure","volume":"40","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(87)80017-X","article-title":"Plasma clearances of branched-chain amino acids in control subjects and in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"4","author":"Marchesini","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Pinheiro, A.B.V., Lacerda, E.M.d.A., Benzecry, E.H., Gomes, M.C.d.S., and Costa, V.M.d. (2005). Tabela para avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de consumo alimentar em medidas caseiras. Tabela Para Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Consumo Alimentar em Medidas Caseiras, Atheneu."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Fisberg, R.M., and Villar, B.S. (2002). Manual de receitas e medidas caseiras para c\u00e1lculo de inqu\u00e9ritos alimentares: Manual elaborado para auxiliar o processamento de dados de inqu\u00e9ritos alimentares. Manual de Receitas e Medidas Caseiras para C\u00e1lculo de Inqu\u00e9ritos Alimentares: Manual Elaborado Para Auxiliar o Processamento de Dados de Inqu\u00e9ritos Alimentares, Signus."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801083","article-title":"Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies","volume":"24","author":"Flint","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003192","article-title":"Appetite Is Suppressed After Full-Body Resistance Exercise Compared With Split-Body Resistance Exercise: The Potential Influence of Lactate and Autonomic Modulation","volume":"35","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-104948","article-title":"Three pillars for the neural control of appetite","volume":"79","author":"Sternson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.04.019","article-title":"L-leucine dietary supplementation modulates muscle protein degradation and increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in tumour-bearing rats","volume":"96","author":"Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-007-3029-5","article-title":"Leucine and Calcium Regulate Fat Metabolism and Energy Partitioning in Murine Adipocytes and Muscle Cells","volume":"42","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, J., Qi, X., Liu, G., Li, X., Gao, X., Bou, G., Bai, D., Zhao, Y., Du, M., and Dugarjaviin, M. (2023). A Transcriptomic Regulatory Network among miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and mRNAs Associated with L-leucine-induced Proliferation of Equine Satellite Cells. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020208"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284294","article-title":"The metabolic interplay between dietary carbohydrate and exercise and its role in acute appetite regulation in males: A randomized controlled study","volume":"601","author":"Frampton","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.114488","article-title":"Effects of intraduodenal infusion of the branched-chain amino acid leucine on ad libitum eating, gut motor and hormone functions, and glycemia in healthy men1","volume":"102","author":"Steinert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.183","article-title":"High fat induces acute and chronic inflammation in the hypothalamus: Effect of high-fat diet, palmitate and TNF-\u03b1 on appetite-regulating NPY neurons","volume":"41","author":"Dalvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/4\/614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T05:23:44Z","timestamp":1771133024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/4\/614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18040614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18040614","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]}}}