{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:19:17Z","timestamp":1787635157527,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union \u2013 Next Generation EU","award":["533-03-23-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["533-03-23-0006"]}]},{"award":["533-03-23-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["533-03-23-0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031478","name":"Next Generation EU","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IA-INT-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA-INT-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)\/GLP-1 receptor agonists have transformed obesity management by producing substantial, sustained weight loss and improving metabolic health. Alongside these benefits, their effects on appetite, food intake, and gastrointestinal function have raised increasing interest in the nutritional consequences of pharmacologically induced weight loss. Although reductions in energy intake contribute to therapeutic efficacy, they may also influence protein intake, dietary quality, micronutrient adequacy, and skeletal muscle health, particularly in individuals with pre-existing nutritional vulnerability. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding nutritional considerations during GLP-1-based therapy, including changes in dietary intake, protein and micronutrient adequacy, body composition, muscle health, and nutritional assessment. Particular attention is given to populations at increased nutritional risk, practical approaches to nutritional monitoring, and strategies to support adequate nutrition during treatment. Current evidence suggests that nutritional responses to GLP-1-based therapy are heterogeneous and cannot be adequately evaluated using body weight alone. Assessment of dietary intake, body composition, muscle function, physical performance, and individual clinical characteristics provides a more comprehensive understanding of nutritional status than anthropometric measures alone. While routine supplementation or intensive monitoring is not supported for all patients, a risk-based and individualized approach appears appropriate, particularly for older adults and individuals with sarcopenic obesity, previous bariatric surgery, chronic gastrointestinal disease, or persistent treatment-related gastrointestinal symptoms. Future research should establish clinically meaningful nutritional outcomes and determine which nutritional interventions improve patient-centered outcomes during long-term obesity management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18172757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T09:20:02Z","timestamp":1787563202000},"page":"2757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hidden Malnutrition in the GLP-1 Era: Micronutrient Status, Protein Adequacy, and Lean Mass as Emerging Nutritional Considerations\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4435-8472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Sori\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Hospital Ugljan, Oto\u010dkih dragovoljaca 42, 23275 Ugljan, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Sari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrija","family":"Ivani\u0161in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3541-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Lovri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anthropological Research, Ljudevita Gaja 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuha\u010da 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Lisbon Council, 1040 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-7185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirta","family":"Mili\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6325-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Matovinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Ki\u0161pati\u0107eva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horva\u0107anski zavoj 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2734-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijana","family":"Matek Sari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, Splitska 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. 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