{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:14:20Z","timestamp":1760242460301,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]],"date-time":"2017-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU FP7","award":["#312057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#312057"]}]},{"name":"The Danish Technological Institute"},{"name":"The Danish Agriculture &amp; Food Council"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91110030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91110030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FES (Fonds Economische Structuurversterking)"},{"name":"SNN (Samenweringsverband Noord Nederland)"},{"name":"REP(Ruimtelijk Economisch Programma)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["286284 (T.L.), 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), 41071 (skidi)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["286284 (T.L.), 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), 41071 (skidi)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The social insurance institution of Finland"},{"name":"Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds","award":["X51001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X51001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004037","name":"Juho Vainio Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008484","name":"Paavo Nurmi Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008484","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Finnish Cultural Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006706","name":"Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004756","name":"Emil Aaltonen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010114","name":"Yrj\u00f6 Jahnsson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p> Higher-protein diets have been advocated for body-weight regulation for the past few decades. However, the potential health risks of these diets are still uncertain. We aimed to develop a protein score based on the quantity and source of protein, and to examine the association of the score with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Analyses were based on three population studies included in the PREVIEW project (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle Intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World): NQplus, Lifelines, and the Young Finns Study. Cross-sectional data from food-frequency questionnaires (n = 76,777 subjects) were used to develop a protein score consisting of two components: 1) percentage of energy from total protein, and 2) plant to animal protein ratio. An inverse association between protein score and HbA1c (slope \u22120.02 \u00b1 0.01 mmol\/mol, p &lt; 0.001) was seen in Lifelines. We found a positive association between the protein score and eGFR in Lifelines (slope 0.17 \u00b1 0.02 mL\/min\/1.73 m2, p &lt; 0.0001). Protein scoring might be a useful tool to assess both the effect of quantity and source of protein on health parameters. Further studies are needed to validate this newly developed protein score.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]],"date-time":"2017-07-18T03:45:16Z","timestamp":1500349516000},"page":"763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Protein Diet Score, Including Plant and Animal Protein, Investigating the Association with HbA1c and eGFR\u2014The PREVIEW Project"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6512-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grith","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5095-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diewertje","family":"Sluik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0609-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Mikkil\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5229-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olli T.","family":"Raitakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6304-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Hutri-K\u00e4h\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland"}]},{"given":"Lars O.","family":"Dragsted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Sally D.","family":"Poppitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, 18 Carrick Place, Mt Eden, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Marta P.","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, 18 Carrick Place, Mt Eden, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2214-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edith J.M.","family":"Feskens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jennie","family":"Brand-Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences & Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Raben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007137","article-title":"Diets with high or low protein content and glycemic index for weight-loss maintenance","volume":"363","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.000141","article-title":"Trends in carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes and association with energy intake in normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals: 1971\u20132006","volume":"93","author":"Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800867","article-title":"Randomized trial on protein vs carbohydrate in ad libitum fat reduced diet for the treatment of obesity","volume":"23","author":"Skov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.084038","article-title":"The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance","volume":"101","author":"Leidy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, X., Scott, D., Hodge, A.M., English, D.R., Giles, G.G., Ebeling, P.R., and Sanders, K.M. (2016). Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: Results from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.140954"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.4182","article-title":"Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality","volume":"176","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2017, February 10). Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015\u20132020 8th Edition, Available online: http:\/\/health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/2015\/guidelines\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451400124X","article-title":"Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"112","author":"Abete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2747","article-title":"Mechanisms Linking Colorectal Cancer to the Consumption of (Processed) Red Meat: A Review","volume":"8398","author":"Demeyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv268","article-title":"Dietary Protein Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women","volume":"183","author":"Malik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.11.006","article-title":"Long term weight maintenance after advice to consume low carbohydrate, higher protein diets\u2014A systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"24","author":"Clifton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-64","article-title":"Further decrease in glycated hemoglobin following ingestion of a LoBAG30 diet for 10 weeks compared to 5 weeks in people with untreated type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Gannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27601","article-title":"Effect of short-term high-protein compared with normal-protein diets on renal hemodynamics and associated variables in healthy young men","volume":"90","author":"Frank","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198209093071104","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: The role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease","volume":"307","author":"Brenner","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.4.775","article-title":"Intake of Vegetables, Legumes, and Fruit, and Risk for All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality in a European Diabetic Population","volume":"138","author":"Nothlings","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0115-x","article-title":"A legume-based hypocaloric diet reduces proinflammatory status and improves metabolic features in overweight\/obese subjects","volume":"50","author":"Hermsdorff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(96)00217-9","article-title":"Indexes of overall diet quality: A review","volume":"96","author":"Kant","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055317","article-title":"Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women","volume":"355","author":"Halton","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (2017, February 12). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. (Macronutrients). Available online: http:\/\/www.nap.edu."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"194","article-title":"PREVIEW: PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle Intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World: On behalf of the PREVIEW consortium","volume":"6","author":"Raben","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010437","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010437","article-title":"Associations of alcoholic beverage preference with cardiometabolic and lifestyle factors: The NQplus study","volume":"6","author":"Sluik","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515004705","article-title":"Evaluation of a screener to assess diet quality in The Netherlands","volume":"115","author":"Feskens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu229","article-title":"Cohort Profile: LifeLines, a three-generation cohort study and biobank","volume":"44","author":"Scholtens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/58.4.489","article-title":"Relative and biomarker-based validity of a food-frequency questionnaire estimating intake of fats and cholesterol","volume":"58","author":"Feunekes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511000067","article-title":"Self-reported energy intake by FFQ compared with actual energy intake to maintain body weight in 516 adults","volume":"106","author":"Siebelink","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2011). NEVO-Tabel. Nederlands Voedingsstoffen-Tabel (NEVO-Tabel) 2011 (Dutch National Food Composition Table 2011) version 3. RIVM\/Dutch Nutrition Centre."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"401","article-title":"Reproducibility and Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire in a Case-Control Study on Breast Cancer","volume":"494","author":"Virtanen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.01.002","article-title":"Validity of a food frequency questionnaire varied by age and body mass index","volume":"59","author":"Paalanen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"National Public Health Institute of Finland (2016, July 11). Fineli. Finnish Food Composition Database. Release 7. Helsinki, Finland, the National Public Health Institute, Nutrition Unit, Available online: http:\/\/www.fineli.fi\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516002749","article-title":"A national FFQ for The Netherlands (the FFQ-NL 1.0): Validation of a comprehensive FFQ for adults","volume":"116","author":"Sluik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu116","article-title":"Pooled Results From 5 Validation Studies of Dietary Self-Report Instruments Using Recovery Biomarkers for Energy and Protein Intake","volume":"180","author":"Freedman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-6-199903160-00002","article-title":"A More Accurate Method to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate from Serum Creatinine: A New Prediction Equation","volume":"130","author":"Levey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2016, April 24). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available online: http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","article-title":"Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies","volume":"65","author":"Willett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.02.004","article-title":"Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"184","author":"Maddatu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.157","article-title":"Smoking is a risk factor in the progression to kidney failure","volume":"80","author":"Hallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.2.339","article-title":"Low-carbohydrate-diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes in women","volume":"87","author":"Halton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.06.011","article-title":"Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base","volume":"31","author":"Feinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0983-1","article-title":"Influence of dietary fat and carbohydrates proportions on plasma lipids, glucose control and low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes\u2014The TOSCA.IT Study","volume":"55","author":"Vitale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.03.008","article-title":"A review of potential metabolic etiologies of the observed association between red meat consumption and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1481-x","article-title":"Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"52","author":"Aune","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-013-0365-0","article-title":"Meat Consumption, Diabetes, and its Complications","volume":"13","author":"Feskens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517000745","article-title":"Intake of different dietary proteins and risk of type 2 diabetes in men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study","volume":"117","author":"Virtanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1321","article-title":"Dietary intake of total, animal, and vegetable protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL study","volume":"33","author":"Sluijs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym225","article-title":"Cohort profile: The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study","volume":"37","author":"Raitakari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2014). Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012. Integrating Nutrition and Physical Activity, Nordic Council of Ministers. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.133819","article-title":"Diets higher in animal and plant protein are associated with lower adiposity and do not impair kidney function in US adults","volume":"104","author":"Berryman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008060649","article-title":"High Protein Intake Associates with Cardiovascular Events but not with Loss of Renal Function","volume":"20","author":"Halbesma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-6-200303180-00009","article-title":"The impact of protein intake on renal function decline in women with normal renal function or mild renal insufficiency","volume":"138","author":"Knight","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.10.017","article-title":"Effect of a High-Protein Diet on Kidney Function in Healthy Adults: Results From the OmniHeart Trial","volume":"61","author":"Juraschek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2014.06.002","article-title":"High-Protein Diets and Renal Health","volume":"25","author":"Marckmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.232","article-title":"Direct and indirect cost of urea excretion","volume":"49","author":"Bankir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4493","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7011","article-title":"Statistical issues related to dietary intake as the response variable in intervention trials","volume":"35","author":"Keogh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/7\/763\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:42:57Z","timestamp":1760208177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/9\/7\/763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu9070763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9070763","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]]}}}