{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T15:52:07Z","timestamp":1773071527760,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the relationship between vitamin D and health has received growing attention from the scientific and medical communities. Vitamin D deficiencies have been repeatedly associated with various acute and chronic diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Its active metabolite, 1\u03b1,25-dihydoxy vitamin D, acts as a modulator of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, and cumulative data from experimental and observational studies suggest that relatively a lower vitamin D status could be a potential risk factor for the development of early and\/or late AMD. Herein, we made a narrative review of the mechanisms linking a potential role of vitamin D with the current concepts of AMD pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T11:34:09Z","timestamp":1507894449000},"page":"1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Vitamin D and Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Layana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Minnella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Otorinolaringoiatriche e Oftalmologiche, Universita\u2019 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Lgo F. Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Garh\u00f6fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9739-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9WL Manchester, and Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Holz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, D-53107 Bonn, Germany"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Leys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8676-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rufino","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra (CHUC), Department of Ophthalmology, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra (CHUC), Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI-FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra (CHUC), Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Delcourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Souied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Intercommunal de Cr\u00e9teil, University Paris Est, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Seddon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"},{"name":"Ophthalmic Epidemiology and Genetics Service, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70113-X","article-title":"Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis","volume":"1","author":"Bourne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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