{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T14:42:22Z","timestamp":1774968142095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Key Action 203 Strategic Partnerships for Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-1-ES01-KA203-050800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-1-ES01-KA203-050800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: European nurses are expected to provide appropriate care for patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. However, there is limited knowledge and understanding of this process. The aim of this study was to analyse the perceptions of culture and experiences of caring for patients from diverse cultural backgrounds of a purposive sample of qualified nurses from four European countries, namely Belgium, Portugal, Spain and Turkey. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological approach was selected in order to understand complex phenomena through the participants\u2019 lived experiences, meanings and perspectives. Individual interviews and focus groups took place with 28 staff nurses and 11 nurse managers from four European countries. The sociodemographic and cultural characteristics of the sample were described and analysed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were transcribed verbatim, translated into English and analysed following Braun and Clark\u2019s phases for thematic analysis. Results: Five themes and twelve subthemes emerged from thematic analysis of the transcripts. The themes included: (1) relevance of culture for nursing; (2) culture in the healthcare service; (3) qualities of the healthcare professionals; (4) challenges to culturally competent care; (5) becoming a culturally competent nurse. Conclusions: There are challenges to the delivery of culturally congruent care, namely language and communication difficulties, prejudices and stereotyping in the health service, a tendency for ethnocentrism, a lack of education and training in cultural competence and a lack of support from the health service to facilitate new ways of acting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep12020034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T02:46:39Z","timestamp":1651805199000},"page":"348-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Qualified Nurses\u2019 Perceptions of Cultural Competence and Experiences of Caring for Culturally Diverse Patients: A Qualitative Study in Four European Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8206-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Ant\u00f3n-Solanas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group Nursing Research in Primary Care in Arag\u00f3n (GENIAPA) (GIIS094), Institute of Research of Arag\u00f3n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3001-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Vanceulebroeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, AP University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Nuran","family":"K\u00f6m\u00fcrc\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Halit Aydin Campus 38, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul 34295, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Indrani","family":"Kalkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34083, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Tambo-Lizalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7674-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Hu\u00e9rcanos-Esparza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Autov\u00eda Mud\u00e9jar, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-1136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Casa Nova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre, School of Health Sciences, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Hamam-Alcober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio Aragon\u00e9s de Salud, Hospital Materno Infantil, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5334-6895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre, School of Education and Social Science, 7300-109 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2488-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre, School of Education and Social Science, 7300-109 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Yannic","family":"Van Gils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, AP University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4790-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seda Degirmenci","family":"\u00d6z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Halit Aydin Campus 38, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul 34295, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8817-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arzu","family":"Kavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Halit Aydin Campus 38, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul 34295, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5676-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana B.","family":"Subir\u00f3n-Valera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group Safety and Care (GIISA0021), Institute of Research of Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group Water and Environmental Health (B43_20R), University Institute of Research in Environmental Science of Arag\u00f3n, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, February 26). 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