{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T23:15:42Z","timestamp":1778109342378,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Burnout comprises a series of undetermined physical and psychosocial symptoms caused by an excessive energy requirement at work\u2014it is a crisis in relationships with work itself and not necessarily a concern with underlying clinical disorders related to workers. Professions involving human interactions commonly involve emotional engagement, especially when the cared-for person needs assistance and support, as is the primary concern in the nursing profession. To some extent, the acknowledgment of the phenomena of burnout and how it affects people is sometimes addressed from a biomedical perspective. This concept paper aims to describe the burnout concept and reflect on the impact on nurses. Our intention with this reflection, considering the burnout impact on nurses, is to support a paradigm change in the prevention and management of burnout in healthcare contexts, promoting and fostering the well-being of nurses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep12030044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T20:59:18Z","timestamp":1656968358000},"page":"464-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Burnout and Nursing Care: A Concept Paper"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0050-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor","family":"Parola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6381-7128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6843-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2110-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael A.","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA:E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5515-0696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Pereira","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology\u2014ciTechCare, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3713-0111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Catela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x","article-title":"Staff Burn-Out","volume":"30","author":"Freudenberger","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maslach, C. (2003). Burnout: The Cost of Caring., Malor Books.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.01258"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Maslach, C., and Leiter, M.P. (1997). The Truth about Burnout: How Organizations Cause Personal Stress and What to Do about It, Jossey-Bass. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2016.1248918","article-title":"New Insights into Burnout and Health Care: Strategies for Improving Civility and Alleviating Burnout","volume":"39","author":"Maslach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Fink, G. (2000). Encyclopedia of Stress. Encyclopedia of stress, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.397","article-title":"Job Burnout","volume":"52","author":"Maslach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20311","article-title":"Understanding the Burnout Experience: Recent Research and Its Implications for Psychiatry","volume":"15","author":"Maslach","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2015.05.002","article-title":"It\u2019s Time to Take Action on Burnout","volume":"2","author":"Maslach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Burn. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.7.1.57","article-title":"Testing a Conservation of Resources Model of the Dynamics of Emotional Labor","volume":"7","author":"Brotheridge","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"255","article-title":"Self-Efficacy, Perceptions of Context, and Burnout: A Multilevel Study on Nurses","volume":"105","author":"Consiglio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. del Lav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2016-003309","article-title":"Prevalence of Burnout in Health Professionals Working in Palliative Care: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Parola","year":"2017","journal-title":"JBI Database Syst. Rev. Implement. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2022.103246","article-title":"Burnout Levels and Care Behaviours in Intensive Care Nurses: A Cross-Sectional, Multicentre Study","volume":"71","author":"Turen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Crit. Care Nurs."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, Y., Bruyneel, A., and Smith, P. (2022). Determinants of the Risk of Burnout among Nurses during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Belgium: A Cross-sectional Study. J. Nurs. Manag.","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13624"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8231564","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8231564","article-title":"Burnout and Associated Factors among Hospital-Based Nurses in Northern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Survey","volume":"2022","author":"Udho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e055941","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055941","article-title":"Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, Compassion Satisfaction and Depression among Emergency Department Physicians and Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216315575850","article-title":"Burnout, Psychological Morbidity and Use of Coping Mechanisms among Palliative Care Practitioners: A Multi-Centre Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"29","author":"Koh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stemmer, R., Bassi, E., Ezra, S., Harvey, C., Jojo, N., Meyer, G., \u00d6zsaban, A., Paterson, C., Shifaza, F., and Turner, M.B. (2022). A Systematic Review: Unfinished Nursing Care and the Impact on the Nurse Outcomes of Job Satisfaction, Burnout, Intention-to-leave and Turnover. J. Adv. Nurs.","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15286"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crabtree-Nelson, S., DeYoung, P.M., Vincent, N.J., Myers, T.P., and Czerwinskyj, J. (2022). Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, and Burnout: A Study of Nurses in a Large Texas Health-care System. J. Nurs. Scholarsh.","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12780"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00284","article-title":"The Relationship Between Burnout, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Koutsimani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772896","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.772896","article-title":"Burnout and Quality of Life in Professionals Working in Nursing Homes: The Moderating Effect of Stereotypes","volume":"13","author":"Noriega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diehl, E., Rieger, S., Letzel, S., Schablon, A., Nienhaus, A., Escobar Pinzon, L.C., and Dietz, P. (2021). The Relationship between Workload and Burnout among Nurses: The Buffering Role of Personal, Social and Organisational Resources. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245798"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.15452\/CEJNM.2015.06.0006","article-title":"Burnout among Healthcare Workers in Hospice Care","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Nurs. Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2012.49101","article-title":"Burnout among Lebanese Nurses: Psychometric Properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS)","volume":"4","author":"Sabbah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"140","article-title":"Core Competencies in Palliative Care: An EAPC White Paper on Palliative Care Education\u2014Part 2","volume":"20","author":"Gamondi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omidi, Z., Khanjari, S., Salehi, T., and Haghani, S. (2022). Association between Burnout and Nurses\u2019 Quality of Life in Neonatal Intensive Care Units: During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Neonatal Nurs.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2022.04.005"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.7.3.235","article-title":"Staff Burnout and Patient Satisfaction: Evidence of Relationships at the Care Unit Level","volume":"7","author":"Garman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13359","article-title":"Burnout and Its Relationship to Self-reported Quality of Patient Care and Adverse Events during COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Online Survey among Nurses","volume":"29","author":"Kakemam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eltaybani, S., Yamamoto-Mitani, N., Ninomiya, A., and Igarashi, A. (2021). The Association between Nurses\u2019 Burnout and Objective Care Quality Indicators: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Long-Term Care Wards. BMC Nurs., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00552-z"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3886-9","article-title":"The Relationship Between Professional Burnout and Quality and Safety in Healthcare: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Salyers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, C., Abreu, L., Ramos, J., Castro, C., Smiderle, F., Santos, J., and Bezerra, I. (2019). Influence of Burnout on Patient Safety: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55090553"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2012.06114.x","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Human Services among Italian Nurses: A Test of Alternative Models","volume":"69","author":"Pisanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina Zavala, B.I., Zamora-Macorra, M., and Mart\u00ednez Alc\u00e1ntara, S. (J. Nurs. Res., 2022). Working Conditions and the Components of Burnout Among Nursing Staff in a Public Hospital in Mexico City, J. Nurs. Res., publish ahead.","DOI":"10.1097\/jnr.0000000000000495"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000830744.96819.dc","article-title":"Effective Holistic Approaches to Reducing Nurse Stress and Burnout During COVID-19","volume":"122","author":"Pagador","year":"2022","journal-title":"AJN, Am. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2009.0050","article-title":"Strategies for Avoiding Burnout in Hospice and Palliative Medicine: Peer Advice for Physicians on Achieving Longevity and Fulfillment","volume":"12","author":"Swetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordova, P.B., Johansen, M.L., Grafova, I., Crincoli, S., Prado, J., Pogorzelska-Maziarz, M., and Cordova, P.B. (2022). Burnout and Intent to Leave during COVID-19: A Cross-sectional Study of New Jersey Hospital Nurses. J. Nurs. Manag.","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13647"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kishi, H., Watanabe, K., Nakamura, S., Taguchi, H., and Narimatsu, H. (2022). Impact of Nurses\u2019 Roles and Burden on Burnout during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Multicenter Cross-sectional Survey. J. Nurs. Manag.","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13648"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2601","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2601","article-title":"Relationship between Perceived Threat of COVID-19 and Burnout among Frontline Nurses: A Mediation Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Farmanesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, H., Huang, Y., Ma, S., and Wang, Y. (2022). Occupational Burnout and Stress of Nurses in Taiwan Regarding COVID-19: An Intervention with Gong Medication. J. Nurs. Manag.","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13653"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burn.2014.04.002","article-title":"The Inevitability of Physician Burnout: Implications for Interventions","volume":"1","author":"Montgomery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burn. Res."}],"container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/12\/3\/44\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:42:20Z","timestamp":1760139740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/12\/3\/44"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nursrep12030044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nursrep12030044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]]}}}