{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:55:38Z","timestamp":1762325738285,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Prehospital care is intricate and unpredictable. Nurses in this environment encounter psychologically challenging situations and traumatic experiences daily. Nurses respond variably when delivering care in this context. This study aims to map the emotional management strategies used by prehospital nurses. Methods: Research was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, and the Open Access Scientific Repository of Portugal (RCAAP). The inclusion criteria were studies with prehospital nurses in Portuguese, English, and Spanish languages, covering all study types. Results: From the initial 511 studies identified, four studies were deemed eligible after rigorous screening. The strategies used are individual (pre- and post-event) and collective, varying from formal to informal, with or without institutional support. Notable experiences included a lack of technical\/scientific preparation, personal life association, treating acquaintances, pediatric-age patients, childbirth, cardiopulmonary arrests in young individuals, traffic accidents, and suicides. Conclusions: Nurses need training in basic emotional management tools. This research provides an initial understanding of their emotional well-being\u2019s impact on personal and professional performance. This study was prospectively registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF) on 29 June 2023, with the registration number: z638t.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep13040128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T11:18:52Z","timestamp":1698405532000},"page":"1524-1538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Emotional Management Strategies in Prehospital Nurses: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6625-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3664-7004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Lob\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6381-7128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Portugal Centre for Evidence-Based Practice: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence (PCEBP), 3000 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0050-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Parola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Portugal Centre for Evidence-Based Practice: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence (PCEBP), 3000 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14057","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014057","article-title":"Emergency Medical Services Responders\u2019 Perceptions of the Effect of Stress and Anxiety on Patient Safety in the out-of-Hospital Emergency Care of Children: A Qualitative Study","volume":"7","author":"Guise","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, R.M.P. (2017). Perfil Do Enfermeiro Para o Exerc\u00edcio Profissional Na VMER. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1401","article-title":"Attachment Insecurity, Responses to Critical Incident Distress, and Current Emotional Symptoms in Ambulance Workers","volume":"28","author":"Halpern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2147\/OAEM.S290074","article-title":"Knowledge, Practice, and Associated Factors of Nurses in Pre-Hospital Emergency Care at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital","volume":"12","author":"Abate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Access Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Canas, L.M.M. (2021). Viv\u00eancias em Situa\u00e7\u00f5es de Emerg\u00eancia: Um Estudo Com Enfermeiros da Viatura M\u00e9dica de Emerg\u00eancia e Reanima\u00e7\u00e3o. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep12030044","article-title":"Burnout and Nursing Care: A Concept Paper","volume":"12","author":"Parola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1054\/aaen.2002.0361","article-title":"Experiences of Threats and Violence in the Swedish Ambulance Service","volume":"10","author":"Suserud","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accid. Emerg. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.7748\/en.2019.e1957","article-title":"Awareness of Secondary Traumatic Stress in Emergency Nursing","volume":"27","author":"Barleycorn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Nurse"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02653","article-title":"Resilience as a Mediator of Emotional Intelligence and Perceived Stress: A Cross-Country Study","volume":"9","author":"Sarrionandia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Filipe, L.A.M. (2017). Intelig\u00eancia Emocional Percebida Do Enfermeiro e a Pessoa Em Fim de Vida No Servi\u00e7o de Urg\u00eancia, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12259","article-title":"Perceived Emotional Intelligence in Nursing: Psychometric Properties of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale","volume":"23","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Travelbee\u2019s Theory: Human-to-Human Relationship Model\u2014Its Suitability for Palliative Nursing Care","volume":"V","author":"Parola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Enferm. Ref."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intelig\u00eancia Emocional\u2014Reptos Lan\u00e7ados \u00e0 Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Promo\u00e7\u00e3o Do Bem-Estar Do Ser Humano","volume":"8","author":"Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"E-Rev. Estud. Intercult."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000219","article-title":"Emotional Intelligence Predicts Academic Performance: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"146","author":"MacCann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.2087","article-title":"Suffering and Distress at the End-of-Life","volume":"21","author":"Krikorian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Aroso, A., Andrade, D.D.C., and Fernandes, A. (2015). Compet\u00eancia Emocional Do Profissional de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"39","article-title":"Death Attitudes and Emotional Intelligence in Nursing Students","volume":"66","year":"2012","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2007.03.005","article-title":"The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Occupational Stress and Health in Nurses: A Questionnaire Survey","volume":"45","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"630","article-title":"Import\u00e2ncia Da Intelig\u00eancia Emocional Para a Efetiva (A\u00e7\u00e3o) de Uma Assist\u00eancia de Enfermagem Mais Humanizada","volume":"10","author":"Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev.  Univ. Val. Do Rio Verde"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Cristina Costa, A., and Faria, L. (2009). Actas Do X Congresso Internacional Galego-Portugu\u00eas de Psicopedagogia, Universidade Do Minho."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efetividade de Um Programa de Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Na Gest\u00e3o Emocional Dos Enfermeiros Perante a Morte Do Doente","volume":"5","author":"Pais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Enferm. Ref."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2020). JBI Reviewer\u2019s Manual, Joanna Briggs Institute.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-20-02"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"105906","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2007.10.002","article-title":"Experiences of and Actions towards Worries among Ambulance Nurses in Their Professional Life: A Critical Incident Study","volume":"16","author":"Svensson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Emerg. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2016.08.004","article-title":"Managing Stress in Prehospital Care: Strategies Used by Ambulance Nurses","volume":"32","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Emerg. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"29","article-title":"Peer-Support: A Coping Strategy for Nurses Working at the Emergency Ambulance Service","volume":"90","author":"Carvello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Bio-Medica Atenei Parm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2021.101083","article-title":"Prehospital Emergency Nurses\u2019 Coping Strategies Associated to Traumatic Experiences","volume":"59","author":"Vicente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Emerg. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Tavares, C. (2012). Exerc\u00edcio de Enfermagem Pr\u00e9-Hospitalar: Esfor\u00e7o Cont\u00ednuo de Afirma\u00e7\u00e3o Profissional, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Fortin, M.F. (2009). Fundamentos e Etapas Do Processo de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o, Lusodidacta."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.12707\/RIII1287","article-title":"Ser Enfermeiro Em Suporte Imediato de Vida: Significado Das Experi\u00eancias","volume":"3","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Enferm. Ref."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"57","article-title":"A Qualitative Study about Experiences and Emotions of Emergency Medical Technicians and Out-of-Hospital Emergency Nurses after Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Resulting in Death","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enferm. Intensiv."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"97","article-title":"Vivencias de Un Equipo Multiprofesional En La Atenci\u00f3n Pre-Hospitalaria M\u00f3vil al Adulto En Situaci\u00f3n de Emergencia Con Paro Cardiorrespiratorio","volume":"14","author":"Dalri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cienc. Enfermer\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692010000200015","article-title":"Conceptions and Feelings of Nurses Working in Emergency Medical Services about Their Professional Practice and Training TT\u2014Concep\u00e7\u00f5es e Sentimentos de Enfermeiros Que Atuam No Atendimento Pr\u00e9-Hospitalar Sobre a Pr\u00e1tica e a Forma\u00e7\u00e3o Profissional TT\u2014C","volume":"18","author":"Romanzini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Am. Enferm."}],"container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/13\/4\/128\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:13:04Z","timestamp":1760130784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/13\/4\/128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nursrep13040128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nursrep13040128","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4403"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2039-4403"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}