{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:24:56Z","timestamp":1760059496902,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Organizing nurses\u2019 work is crucial for ensuring patient care quality and efficiency. Nurses\u2019 work methods directly influence patient safety and healthcare outcomes, making them vital for effective health services. Assessing these methods helps identify effective practices, enhance work organization, and improve both professional satisfaction and patient safety. This study aims to translate, adapt, and validate the Nurse Work Method Assessment Scale (NWMAS) for Turkish. Methods: Methodological study with a non-probabilistic sample of 209 hospital nurses, conducted between June and July 2024. The linguistic adaptation involved translation and back-translation with the participation of bilingual experts. Statistical analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, item-total correlation tests, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency assessment using Cronbach\u2019s alpha. Results: One item was removed due to cultural incompatibility, resulting in a 24-item Turkish version of the NWMAS. During the adaptation process, expert evaluations led to the removal of one item from the original scale, as it referenced nursing practices that are either not widely implemented or considered culturally incompatible with the structure of the Turkish healthcare system. Content Validity Index values ranged from 0.85 to 0.95. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a five-factor structure explaining 55.65% of total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this structure with acceptable fit indices (\u03c72\/df = 1.89; RMSEA = 0.06; GFI = 0.86). Cronbach\u2019s alpha for the overall scale was 0.87, with subscale alphas ranging from 0.52 to 0.82. Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0.95 to 0.98, indicating high stability over time. Conclusions: The Turkish version of the NWMAS demonstrated adequate validity and reliability and can be used to evaluate nurses\u2019 work methods in Turkish hospital settings. The study highlights the importance of cultural adaptation in scale development to ensure conceptual relevance in local healthcare systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep15060220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T10:45:26Z","timestamp":1750157126000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nurses\u2019 Work Methods Assessment Scale: Turkish Validity and Reliability Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8591-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek","family":"Uysal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eskisehir Health Services Vocational School, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2647-0807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nil\u00fcfer","family":"Demirsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Medicine and Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2513-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aysun","family":"T\u00fcre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8622-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00fczelfe","family":"B\u0131y\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kutahya Health Sciences University, 43100 Eskisehir, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7119-0230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia de Lima","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Santa Catarina State University, Florian\u00f3polis 88035-901, SC, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9982-9537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga Maria Pimenta Lopes","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing School of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"RISE@Health, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8794-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Miguel Almeida","family":"Ventura-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RISE@Health, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Northern Health School of the Portuguese Red Cross, 3720-126 Oliveira de Azem\u00e9is, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2252","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.2252","article-title":"Quality of nursing care: Predictors of patient satisfaction in a national sample","volume":"11","author":"Hamdan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurs. Open"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, March 18). Nursing and Midwifery. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/nursing-and-midwifery."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.12707\/RIV18040","article-title":"Professional nursing practice grounded in the theoretical framework of the discipline: Reality or utopia","volume":"4","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Enferm. Ref."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/nmg.0000000000000179","article-title":"Value and nursing","volume":"55","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurs. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12636","DOI":"10.1111\/nin.12636","article-title":"How much do we know about nursing care delivery models in a hospital setting? A mapping review","volume":"31","author":"Geltmeyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurs. Inq."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementation of the Primary Nursing Care Model in a Hospital Service: A Quasi-Experimental Study","volume":"2024","author":"Martins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"278","article-title":"Working methods of nurses in hospitals: Scoping review","volume":"6","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Health NPEPS"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parreira, P., Santos-Costa, P., Neri, M., Marques, A., Queir\u00f3s, P., and Salgueiro-Oliveira, A. (2021). Work Methods for Nursing Care Delivery. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18042088"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e05052024","article-title":"Qualitative analysis of nurses\u2019 performance and experiences in hospital management in the face of COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Rebello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cienc. Saude Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/NCQ.0000000000000706","article-title":"Factors Influencing Implementation Success of the Clinical Nurse Leader Care Delivery Model: Findings from a National-Level Mixed-Methods Study","volume":"38","author":"Bender","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Care Qual."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12898","article-title":"Association between the nurse work environment and patient experience in Chilean hospitals: A multi-hospital cross-sectional study","volume":"55","author":"Simonetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Scholarsh."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, O.M.P.L., Coimbra, V.M.O., Pereira, S.C.A., Faria, A.D.C.A., Teles, P.J.F.C., and Rocha, C.G.D. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on the Environments of Professional Nursing Practice and Nurses\u2019 Job Satisfaction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416908"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-020-00469-9","article-title":"Burnout in nursing: A theoretical review","volume":"18","author":"Ball","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14721","article-title":"Applying a multi-criteria decision-making approach to identify key satisfaction gaps in hospital nurses\u2019 work environment","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1097\/NNA.0000000000001363","article-title":"Recommendations from a Systematic Review of Leadership Development to Support a New Nursing Practice Model","volume":"53","author":"Foots","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Adm."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e20230124","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 Work Methods Assessment Scale: A Study of Content Validation","volume":"76","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 Work Methods Assessment Scale: A Construct Validation","volume":"2023","author":"Martins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ordem dos Enfermeiros (2012). Padr\u00f5es de Qualidade dos Cuidados de Enfermagem: Enquadramento Conceptual e Enunciados Descritivos, Ordem dos Enfermeiros."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Sieloff, C.L., and Frey, M. (2007). King\u2019s structure, process, and outcome in the 21st century. Middle Range Theory Development Using King\u2019s Conceptual System, Springer Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Streiner, D.L., Norman, G.R., and Cairney, J. (2024). Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use, Oxford University Press. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780192869487.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02822-4","article-title":"COSMIN reporting guideline for studies on measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures","volume":"30","author":"Gagnier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"199","article-title":"Intercultural scale adaptation stages, language and culture adaptation: Updated guideline","volume":"26","author":"Aksayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Florence Nightingale J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.12707\/RIV14009","article-title":"Pasquali\u2019s model of content validation in Nursing research","volume":"4","author":"Medeiros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Enferm. Ref."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S419714","article-title":"Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of Measurement Instruments: A Practical Guideline for Novice Researchers","volume":"17","author":"Cruchinho","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"DeVellis, R.F., and Thorpe, C.T. (2021). Scale Development: Theory and Applications, Sage Publications. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.5123\/S1679-49742017000300022","article-title":"Psychometric properties in instruments evaluation of reliability and validity","volume":"26","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Serv. Saude"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798418771807","article-title":"Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice","volume":"44","author":"Watkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Black Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"\u00c7okluk, \u00d6., \u015eekercio\u011flu, G., and B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00f6zt\u00fcrk, \u015e. (2021). Sosyal Bilimler \u0130\u00e7in \u00c7ok De\u011fi\u015fkenli \u0130statistik: SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamalar\u0131, Pegem Akademi Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Tav\u015fanc\u0131l, E. (2019). Tutumlar\u0131n \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi, Nobel Akademik Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Se\u00e7er, \u0130. (2015). SPSS ve LISREL ile Pratik Veri Analizi, An\u0131 Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"74","article-title":"Sosyal Bilimlerde Fakt\u00f6r Analizi ve Ge\u00e7erlilik: Ke\u015ffedici ve Do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 Fakt\u00f6r Analizlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131","volume":"46","year":"2017","journal-title":"\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi \u0130\u015fletme Fak\u00fcltesi Derg."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Maroco, J. (2021). An\u00e1lise de Equa\u00e7\u00f5es Estruturais\u2014Fundamentos Te\u00f3ricos, Software e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, ReportNumber. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sencan, H. (2005). Reliability and Validity in Social and Behavioral Measurements, Se\u00e7kin Publishing Industry and Trade Inc."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ozdamar, K. (2017). Scale and Test Development Structural Equality Modeling Applied to IBM SPSS, IBM SPSS AMOS and MINTAB., Nisan Bookstore."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00f6zt\u00fcrk, \u015e. (2024). Sosyal Bilimler \u0130\u00e7in Veri Analizi El Kitab\u0131 \u0130statistik, Pegem Akademi Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k. [31st ed.]."}],"container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/15\/6\/220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:53:34Z","timestamp":1760032414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/15\/6\/220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nursrep15060220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nursrep15060220","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4403"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2039-4403"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]}}}