{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T10:56:12Z","timestamp":1768215372834,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Medication incidents remain a significant concern in hospital settings. Integrated medication systems, regarding organized processes, policies, technologies and professional practices are designed to enhance patient safety; however, their safety performance is still suboptimal. The use of valid and reliable instruments to assess hospital medication system safety can be a valuable resource for health care management. The aim of this study was to describe the development and psychometric validation of the Hospital Medication System Safety Assessment Questionnaire (HMSSA-Q) for assessing the safety of hospital medication systems and its processes in Portugal. Methods: The HMSSA-Q was developed through a literature review and two rounds of expert panel consultation. Following consensus, a pilot methodological study was conducted in 95 Portuguese hospitals. Construct validity was assessed using principal component factor analysis, and reliability was evaluated through internal consistency (Cronbach\u2019s alpha). Results: The instrument is theoretically structured into five predefined domains\/subscales: Organizational Environment, Safe Medication Prescribing, Safe Medication in Hospital Pharmacy, Safe Medication Preparation and Administration, and Information and Patient Education. Principal component analyses performed separately for each domain supported their internal structure. The overall scale showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 = 0.97), with Cronbach\u2019s alpha values for the domains ranging from 0.86 to 0.94. Conclusions: The HMSSA-Q is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the safety of hospital medication systems and has the potential to serve as an innovative management tool for improving patient safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep16010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:30:34Z","timestamp":1768203034000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Psychometric Validation of the Hospital Medication System Safety Assessment Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7728-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila","family":"Sales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Portuguese Red Cross Higher School of Health-Lisbon, Centre for Interdisciplinary Health Research (CIIS), Health Sciences Research Unit, Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra, 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1573-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Research Unit, Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra, 3004-011 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0266-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Health Sciences and Nursing, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"\u00c9lvio","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Health Sciences and Nursing, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Council of the European Union (2017, May 02). 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Pharm."}],"container-title":["Nursing Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/16\/1\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:58:46Z","timestamp":1768204726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-4403\/16\/1\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nursrep16010022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nursrep16010022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-4403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-4403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]}}}