{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:47:29Z","timestamp":1775108849927,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq, Brazil), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014CAPES, Brazil)","award":["#2015\/20630-4 S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation and grant #2021\/05719-0 S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2015\/20630-4 S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation and grant #2021\/05719-0 S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014CNPq, Brazil), the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014CAPES, Brazil)","award":["(C.2020) granted to P.S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(C.2020) granted to P.S"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carolina (Movilidad de profesorado Brasil-Espa\u00f1a, Movilidad)","award":["#2015\/20630-4 S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation and grant #2021\/05719-0 S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2015\/20630-4 S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation and grant #2021\/05719-0 S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carolina (Movilidad de profesorado Brasil-Espa\u00f1a, Movilidad)","award":["(C.2020) granted to P.S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(C.2020) granted to P.S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutraceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is a prevalent public health concern in several countries, and is closely associated with several pathological disorders, including diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and increased dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia is an asymptomatic condition characterized by high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), leading to the increased risk of ischemic heart disease. As lipid disorders are strongly associated with lifestyle and diet, in this work we have evaluated the effect of associating chitosan and exercise on the improvement of the lipid profile of high-fat diet-fed rats. Animals were submitted orally to hypercaloric diets based on liquid butter at 1 mL\/100 g to induce a hyperlipidemic state for 8 weeks (as shown by body weight and measures of the Lee obesity index). After 8 weeks, the 40 rats were separated into five groups (n = 8) and adapted to different treatment strategies: physical exercise and\/or treatment with chitosan (at a concentration of 2%). The hyperlipidemic group exhibited altered levels of glucose and hepatic enzymes, i.e., aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The treatment with chitosan over 8 weeks significantly reduced the bodyweight of the animals, reaching values lower than the control group. Exercise reduced the Lee obesity index values of all the treated groups compared to non-treated rats. The concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL was significantly reduced at the end of the study to healthy thresholds. The hepatic parenchyma of hyperlipidemic animals was recovered to show normal morphology when treated with chitosan; improved histological features (ca. 20\u201330% of parenchymal cells) could be achieved with physical exercise. In conclusion, oral administration of chitosan associated with physical exercise had a hypolipidemic effect in a model of dyslipidemia in rodents, showing decreased levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, VLDL-c, glucose, and liver enzymes (AST and ALT). Our results are attributed to the synergism between the administration of chitosan and physical exercise that helps to reduce oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nutraceuticals2020009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T23:55:24Z","timestamp":1655078124000},"page":"116-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Combined Therapy of Chitosan and Exercise Improves the Lipid Profile, Adipose Tissue and Hepatic Alterations in an In Vivo Model of Induced-Hyperlipidemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o P. G.","family":"Passos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), University of Tiradentes, Aracaju 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2976-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlisson R.","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), University of Tiradentes, Aracaju 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Felipe M. A.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), University of Tiradentes, Aracaju 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6527-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), University of Tiradentes, Aracaju 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana C.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), University of Tiradentes, Aracaju 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0679-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John L. S.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduating Program in Stomatopathology, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9567-4283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Campus Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Campus Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Campus Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto (FFUP), Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"REQUIMTE\/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo L. C.","family":"de Albuquerque-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), University of Tiradentes, Aracaju 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rychter, A.M., Skrzypczak-Zielinska, M., Zielinska, A., Eder, P., Souto, E.B., Zawada, A., Ratajczak, A.E., Dobrowolska, A., and Krela-Kazmierczak, I. (2020). Is the Retinol-Binding Protein 4 a Possible Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases in Obesity?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.32545\/encyclopedia202008.0009.v2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karczewski, J., Zieli\u0144ska, A., Staszewski, R., Eder, P., Dobrowolska, A., and Souto, E.B. (Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022). Obesity and the brain, Int. J. Mol. 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