{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:31:23Z","timestamp":1760059883718,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundo Azul","award":["Aviso Convite n. 1\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Aviso Convite n. 1\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oceans"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focused on the carbonate system dynamics and air\u2013sea CO2 fluxes in the open-ocean waters of the Madeira\u2013Tore Seamount Complex during August 2024. Surface water properties revealed pronounced latitudinal gradients in sea surface temperature (21.9\u201323.1 \u00b0C), salinity (36.2\u201336.7), and dissolved oxygen (228\u2013251 \u00b5mol Kg\u22121), influenced by mesoscale eddies and topographically driven upwelling. Despite oligotrophic conditions, distinct phytoplankton assemblages were observed, with coccolithophores dominating southern seamounts and open-ocean stations, and green algae and diatoms indicating episodic nutrient input. Surface total alkalinity (TA: 2236\u20132467 \u00b5mol Kg\u22121), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC: 2006\u20132183 \u00b5mol Kg\u22121), and pCO2 (467\u2013515 \u00b5atm) showed spatial variability aligned with water mass characteristics and biological activity. All stations exhibited positive air\u2013sea CO2 fluxes (2.8\u201311.5 mmol m\u22122 d\u22121), indicating the region is a CO2 source during summer. Calcite and aragonite saturation states were highest in stratified, warmer waters. Principal Component Analysis highlighted the role of physical mixing, carbonate chemistry, and biological uptake in structuring regional variability. Our findings emphasize and contribute to the complex interplay of physical and biogeochemical drivers in modulating carbon cycling and ecosystem structure across Atlantic seamounts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/oceans6030046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T14:13:43Z","timestamp":1752761623000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Open-Ocean Carbonate System and Air\u2013Sea CO2 Fluxes Across a NE Atlantic Seamount Complex (Madeira\u2013Tore, August 2024)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA, I.P., Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Av. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0384-4447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra D.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPMA, I.P., Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Av. Alfredo Magalh\u00e3es Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Alg\u00e9s, Portugal"},{"name":"Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, CIIMAR\/CIMAR LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208277","article-title":"The Geological record of ocean acidification","volume":"335","author":"Ridgwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-10-2141-2018","article-title":"Global Carbon Budget 2018","volume":"10","author":"Andrew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. 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