{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:51:44Z","timestamp":1760233904707,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/91566\/2012, UID\/MAT\/00006\/2019, and UID\/Muli\/04413\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/91566\/2012, UID\/MAT\/00006\/2019, and UID\/Muli\/04413\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005635","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005635","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CISA (Cam\u00f5es, Institute of Cooperation and Language, Portugal","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Government of Bengo Province; Angolan Ministry of Health - MINSA) and the National Malaria Control Program, Angola","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malnutrition and intestinal parasites continue to have serious impacts on growth and cognitive development of children in Angola. A longitudinal four-arm randomized parallel trial was conducted to investigate if deworming with a single annual dose of albendazole (annual-ALB) or a four-monthly test-and-treat (4TT) intestinal parasites approach at individual or household levels improve nutritional outcomes of pre-school children in Bengo province. Children with intestinal parasites (n = 121) were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to arm A1: annual-ALB*individual level; A2: annual-ALB*household level; A3: 4TT*individual; and A4: 4TT*household level. At baseline, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 months of follow-up, growth was assessed by height, weight, height-for-age, weight-for-height, weight-for-age, and mid-upper arm circumference. Intention-to-treat analysis was done using non-parametric approach, mixed effect models, and generalized estimating equations (GEE). Initially, 57% and 26% of the children were infected by Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides, respectively. This study did not show that a 4TT intestinal parasites approach results on better growth outcomes of children (height, weight, HAZ, WAZ, WHZ and MUACZ) when compared with annual ALB, with exception of height and WHZ using GEE model at 5% level. Positive temporal effects on most nutrition outcomes were observed. Implementing a longitudinal study in a poor setting is challenging and larger sample sizes and \u2018pure and clean\u2019 data are difficult to obtain. Nevertheless, learned lessons from this intensive study may contribute to future scientific research and to tailor multidisciplinary approaches to minimize malnutrition and infections in resource-poor countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T21:52:15Z","timestamp":1615153935000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of Annual Albendazole versus Four-Monthly Test-and-Treat Approach of Intestinal Parasites on Children Growth\u2014A Longitudinal Four-Arm Randomized Parallel Trial during Two Years of a Community Follow-Up in Bengo, Angola"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Gasparinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8590-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aguinaldo","family":"Kanjungo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Zage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Santos-Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6394-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola"},{"name":"Health and Technology Research Center (H&amp;TRC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade de Lisboa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Sousa-Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Angola (CISA), Rua Direita de Caxito, Caxito, Angola"}]},{"given":"Filomeno","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9710-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luzia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Estat\u00edstica e Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es da Universidade de Lisboa (CEAUL), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"382","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61690-0","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition: Global and regional exposures and health consequences","volume":"371","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), and The World Bank (2019). 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