{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T21:54:13Z","timestamp":1776894853936,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main pathogens causing chronic infections, mainly due to its capacity to form biofilms. However, the mechanisms underlying the biofilm formation of MRSA strains from different types of human infections are not fully understood. MRSA strains isolated from distinct human infections were characterized aiming to determine their biofilm-forming capacity, the biofilm resistance to conventional antibiotics and the prevalence of biofilm-related genes, including, icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, fnbA, fnbB, clfA, clfB, cna, eno, ebpS, fib and bbp. Eighty-three clinical MRSA strains recovered from bacteremia episodes, osteomyelitis and diabetic foot ulcers were used. The biofilm-forming capacity was evaluated by the microtiter biofilm assay and the biofilm structure was analyzed via confocal scanning laser microscopy. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 24-h-old biofilms was assessed against three antibiotics and the biomass reduction was measured. The metabolic activity of biofilms was evaluated by the XTT assay. The presence of biofilm-related genes was investigated by whole-genome sequencing and by PCR. Despite different intensities, all strains showed the capacity to form biofilms. Most strains had also a large number of biofilm-related genes. However, strains isolated from osteomyelitis showed a lower capacity to form biofilms and also a lower prevalence of biofilm-associated genes. There was a significant reduction in the biofilm biomass of some strains tested against antibiotics. Our results provide important information on the biofilm-forming capacity of clinical MRSA strains, which may be essential to understand the influence of different types of infections on biofilm production and chronic infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:44:32Z","timestamp":1627854272000},"page":"970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Biofilm Formation of Multidrug-Resistant MRSA Strains Isolated from Different Types of Human Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Lisboa,  Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4094-6856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira (LIBRO), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia","family":"Gaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira (LIBRO), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3365-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Cerca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Ros\u00e1rio Oliveira (LIBRO), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Manageiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR\/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cani\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections (NRL-AMR\/HAI), Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, Oporto University, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6276-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Capelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal"},{"name":"Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Costa de Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6365-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Lisboa,  Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2825-466 Lisboa,  Portugal"},{"name":"Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03709-6","article-title":"Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus EMRSA-15 clone as the predominant cause of diabetic foot ulcer infections in Portugal","volume":"39","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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