{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:12:13Z","timestamp":1760137933348,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research4COVID19 projects 109_596696487","RESEARCH COVID-19 projects Ref.510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research4COVID19 projects 109_596696487","RESEARCH COVID-19 projects Ref.510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has forced the scientific community to acquire knowledge in real-time, when total lockdowns and the interruption of flights severely limited access to reagents as the global pandemic became established. This unique reality made researchers aware of the importance of designing efficient in vitro set-ups to evaluate infectious kinetics. Here, we propose a histology-based method to evaluate infection kinetics grounded in cell microarray (CMA) construction, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. We demonstrate that the chip-like organization of the InfectionCMA has several advantages, allowing side-by-side comparisons between diverse cell lines, infection time points, and biomarker expression and cytolocalization evaluation in the same slide. In addition, this methodology has the potential to be easily adapted for drug screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T20:36:30Z","timestamp":1646339790000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["InfectionCMA: A Cell MicroArray Approach for Efficient Biomarker Screening in In Vitro Infection Assays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3988-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup\u2013Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2013Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4091-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ricardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup\u2013Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"TOXRUN, Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, Advanced Polytechnic and University Cooperative (CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4049-4781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2013Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2013Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4733-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup\u2013Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2013Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Emerging Infectious Disease Unit, CHUSJ\u2013Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio S. Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education Department, FMUP\u2013Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit\u2013Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup\u2013Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2013Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7657-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Salom\u00e9","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2013Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2013Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4271-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2013Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup\u2013Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmod.2006.03.014","article-title":"Models of dengue virus infection","volume":"3","author":"Bente","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Discov. 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