{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T22:01:34Z","timestamp":1774908094424,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AI146353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI146353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triclabendazole (TCBZ) resistance is an emerging problem in fascioliasis that is not well understood. Studies including small numbers of parasites fail to capture the complexity of susceptibility variations between and within Fasciolahepatica populations. As the first step to studying the complex resistant phenotype\u2013genotype associations, we characterized a large sample of adult F. hepatica with diverging TCBZ susceptibility. We collected parasites from naturally infected livestock slaughtered in the Cusco and Cajamarca regions of Peru. These parasites were exposed to TCBZ sulfoxide (TCBZ.SO) in vitro to determine their susceptibility. We used a motility score to determine the parasite\u2019s viability. We titrated drug concentrations and times to detect 20% non-viable (susceptible conditions) or 80% non-viable (resistant conditions) parasites. We exposed 3348 fully motile parasites to susceptible (n = 1565) or resistant (n = 1783) conditions. Three hundred and forty-one (21.8%) were classified as susceptible and 462 (25.9%) were classified as resistant. More resistant parasites were found in Cusco than in Cajamarca (p &lt; 0.001). Resistant parasites varied by slaughterhouse (p &lt; 0.001), month of the year (p = 0.008), fluke length (p = 0.016), and year of collection (p &lt; 0.001). The in vitro susceptibility to TCBZ.SO in wildtype F. hepatica was associated with geography, season, and morphometry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T23:43:03Z","timestamp":1653867783000},"page":"625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Differences in the Susceptibility Patterns to Triclabendazole Sulfoxide in Field Isolates of Fasciola hepatica Are Associated with Geographic, Seasonal, and Morphometric Variations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Martha V.","family":"Fernandez-Baca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Cusco, Instituto de Medicina Tropical \u201cAlexander von Humboldt\u201d, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Calle Jose Carlos Mariategui J-6, Wanchaq, Cusco 08002, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4932-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Hoban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Avenida Atahualpa 1050, Cajamarca 06001, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0416-3918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo A.","family":"Ore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Cusco, Instituto de Medicina Tropical \u201cAlexander von Humboldt\u201d, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Calle Jose Carlos Mariategui J-6, Wanchaq, Cusco 08002, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Avenida Atahualpa 1050, Cajamarca 06001, Peru"}]},{"given":"Young-Jun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, MSC 8051-0043-15, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5879-3694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Murga-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Avenida Atahualpa 1050, Cajamarca 06001, Peru"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9572-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makedonka","family":"Mitreva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, MSC 8051-0043-15, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel M.","family":"Cabada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sede Cusco, Instituto de Medicina Tropical \u201cAlexander von Humboldt\u201d, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Calle Jose Carlos Mariategui J-6, Wanchaq, Cusco 08002, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-09","article-title":"Food-borne trematodiases","volume":"22","author":"Keiser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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