{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T07:04:08Z","timestamp":1771657448875,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/77823\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/77823\/2011"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Cognitaria Vasco da Gama","award":["SFRH\/BD\/77823\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/77823\/2011"]}]},{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Cognitaria Vasco da Gama","award":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Cognitaria Vasco da Gama","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Cognitaria Vasco da Gama","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CNC","award":["SFRH\/BD\/77823\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/77823\/2011"]}]},{"name":"CNC","award":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/CVT\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CNC","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CNC","award":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04539\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dogs and cats are potential sources of infection for some zoonotic diseases such as Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, a multiple host pathogen. Q fever outbreaks in dogs and cats have been related with parturition and abortion events, and ticks have a potential role in the transmission of this pathogen. This study aimed to screen for C. burnetii in dogs and cats, and in ticks collected from infested animals. An observational descriptive study was conducted in Portugal at two time points nine years apart, 2012 and 2021. Sera obtained from dogs and cats (total n = 294) were tested for C. burnetii antibodies using a commercial ELISA adapted for multi-species detection. C. burnetii DNA was screened by qPCR assay targeting IS1111 in uterine samples and in ticks. A decrease in the exposure to C. burnetii was observed in cats from 17.2% (95% CI: 5.8\u201335.8%) in 2012 to 0.0% in 2021, and in dogs from 12.6% (95% CI: 7.7\u201319.0%) in 2012 to 1.7% (95% CI: 0.3\u20139.1%) in 2021 (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, and despite differences in the samples, rural habitat seems to favour the exposure to C. burnetii. The DNA of C. burnetii was not detected in ticks. The low seropositivity observed in 2021 and the absence of C. burnetii DNA in the tested samples, suggest that dogs and cats from Portugal are not often exposed to the pathogen. Nevertheless, the monitoring of C. burnetii infection in companion animals is an important tool to prevent human outbreaks, considering the zoonotic potential for owners and veterinarians contacting infected animals, mainly dogs and cats from rural areas which often come into contact with livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T01:56:06Z","timestamp":1670896566000},"page":"1525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Coxiella burnetii in Dogs and Cats from Portugal: Serological and Molecular Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0916-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Anast\u00e1cio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0204-2610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Anjos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Baixo Vouga Veterinary Hospital (HVBV), EN 1, 355, 3750-742 \u00c1gueda, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Suzi","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University Veterinary Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University Veterinary Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Veterinary Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lder","family":"Craveiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Baixo Vouga Veterinary Hospital (HVBV), EN 1, 355, 3750-742 \u00c1gueda, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Madeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animalstaff, R. Quinta da V\u00e1rzea, Santa Clara, 3030-092 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9473-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria dos Anjos","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences-AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3976-1619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Vilhena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vasco da Gama Research Centre (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Avenida Jos\u00e9 R. Sousa Fernandes 197 Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University Veterinary Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Lordem\u00e3o, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences-AL4AnimalS, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q Fever to Coxiella burnetii Infection: A Paradigm Change","volume":"30","author":"Eldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Rousset, E., Sidi-Boumedine, K., Kadra, B., and Kupcsullk, B. (2018). Chapter 3.1.17\u2014Q Fever. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, World Organization for Animal Health. [8th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/en\/what-we-do\/standards\/codes-and-manuals\/terrestrial-manual-online-access\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.4.753","article-title":"A dog-related outbreak of Q fever","volume":"23","author":"Buhariwalla","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91633-7","article-title":"Household outbreak of Q fever pneumonia related to a parturient cat","volume":"2","author":"Kosatski","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.1.101","article-title":"Exposure to Parturient Cats: A Risk Factor for Acquisition of Q Fever in Maritime Canada","volume":"158","author":"Marrie","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.93.1.98","article-title":"An outbreak of Q fever probably due to contact with a parturient cat","volume":"93","author":"Marrie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13487360","article-title":"Investigating Coxiella burnetii infection in a breeding cattery at the centre of a Q fever outbreak","volume":"15","author":"Kopecny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248418","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/248418","article-title":"Q fever: Current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis","volume":"2011","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.251","article-title":"Isolation of Coxiella burnetii from the vagina of feline clients at veterinary clinics","volume":"60","author":"Nagaoka","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2006.11.006","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii DNA in vaginal and uterine samples from healthy cats of north-central Colorado","volume":"9","author":"Cairns","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12051","article-title":"Potential animal and environmental sources of Q fever infection for humans in Queensland","volume":"61","author":"Tozer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2714","article-title":"Parturient Cat As a Potential Reservoir for Coxiella burnetii: A Hidden Threat to Pet Owners","volume":"21","author":"Zaher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.121489","article-title":"Search for Possible Additional Reservoirs for Human Q Fever, the Netherlands","volume":"19","author":"Roest","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105416","article-title":"New insights on the epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii in pet dogs and cats from New South Wales, Australia","volume":"205","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0076-2013","article-title":"Molecular identification of the agent of Q fever\u2014C. burnetii\u2014In domestic animals in State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"47","author":"Rozental","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13489216","article-title":"Coxiellosis\/Q fever in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management","volume":"15","author":"Egberink","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023330222657","article-title":"Detection of C. burnetii in ticks collected in Slovakia and Hungary","volume":"18","author":"Spitalska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.101926","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella-infections in ticks\u2014Review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Yessinou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655715","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.655715","article-title":"The Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Hard Ticks in Europe and Their Role in Q Fever Transmission Revisited-A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Makert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"699","article-title":"Prevalence of C. burnetii infection in foresters and ticks in south-eastern Poland and comparison of diagnostic methods","volume":"20","author":"Galinska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"100","article-title":"Antibodies against Rickettsiaceae in dogs of Setubal, Portugal","volume":"3","author":"Bacellar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Thrusfield, M. (1995). Veterinary Epidemiology, Blackwell Science. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zajac, A.M., and Conboy, G.A. (2006). Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Blackwell Publications. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06686-11","article-title":"Pathogen prevalence in ticks collected from the vegetation and livestock in Nigeria","volume":"78","author":"Reye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.08.004","article-title":"Serological evidence of exposure to Coxiella burnetii in sheep and goats in central Portugal","volume":"167","author":"Tavares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-018-1374-x","article-title":"Prospective Serosurvey of Coxiella burnetii Antibodies in Selected Sheep of Portugal","volume":"15","author":"Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1047","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii infections among cats in different living environments","volume":"65","author":"Komiya","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112919","article-title":"Environmental exposure to Coxiella burnetii: A sero-epidemiologic survey among domestic animals","volume":"111","author":"Willeberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007317032647","article-title":"Exposure of cats in southern Africa to Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever","volume":"13","author":"Matthewman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.75.7.763","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Q Fever among Domestic Animals in Nova Scotia","volume":"75","author":"Marrie","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"134","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Coxiella and Chlamydia spp. in cats in Ontario","volume":"33","author":"Lang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12211","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) Seroprevalence in Prey and Predators in the United Kingdom: Evaluation of Infection in Wild Rodents, Foxes and Domestic Cats Using a Modified ELISA","volume":"62","author":"Meredith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00140133","article-title":"Seroepizootology of Q fever in Bulgaria during the last five years","volume":"5","author":"Martinov","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"339","article-title":"Antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae and Coxiella burnetii among domestic animals in southern Croatia","volume":"42","author":"Poljak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00247-8","article-title":"Survey of seroprevalence of Q fever in dogs in the southeast of France, French Guyana, Martinique, Senegal and the Ivory Coast","volume":"64","author":"Boni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"493","article-title":"Dog-transmitted zoonoses: A serological survey in the province of Bologna","volume":"28","author":"Baldelli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super Sanita"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00098-w","article-title":"Seroprevalences of Rickettsia conorii, Ehrlichia canis and Coxiella burnetii in Dogs from Montenegro","volume":"64","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P86","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-S7-P86","article-title":"Q fever in urban area\u2014Na emerging zoonosis","volume":"14","author":"Popescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.07.011","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii infections in sheep or goats: An opinionated review","volume":"181","author":"Roest","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"39","article-title":"Carra\u00e7as associadas a patologias infecciosas em Portugal","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"ActaMedPort"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1129922","article-title":"Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in an urban park in Rome, Italy","volume":"21","author":"Mancini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grochowska, A., Dunaj-Ma\u0142yszko, J., Pancewicz, S., Czupryna, P., Milewski, R., Majewski, P., and Moniuszko-Malinowska, A. (2022). Prevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Questing Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus Ticks Collected from Recreational Areas in Northeastern Poland with Analysis of Environmental Factors. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040468"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.08.017","article-title":"Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Coxiella burnetii in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Switzerland: An Underestimated Epidemiologic Risk","volume":"27","author":"Pilloux","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.11.003","article-title":"Prevalence of Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Coxiella burnetii in adult Ixodes ricinus ticks from 29 study areas in central and southern Sweden","volume":"3","author":"Pettersson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick. Borne. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.12-0570","article-title":"Survey of Coxiella burnetii in ticks collected from dogs in Japan","volume":"75","author":"Andoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reye, A.L., Stegniy, V., Mishaeva, N.P., Velhin, S., Hubschen, J.M., Ignatyev, G., and Muller, C.P. (2013). Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks from different geographical locations in Belarus. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054476"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00145682","article-title":"Extensive examination of different tick species for infestation with Coxiella burnetii in Slovakia","volume":"7","author":"Rehacek","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0169","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in Humans, Domestic Ruminants, and Ticks in Rural Western Kenya","volume":"88","author":"Knobel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01421.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in ticks after a large outbreak of Q fever","volume":"59","author":"Sprong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12784","article-title":"An outbreak of Q fever associated with parturient cat exposure at an animal refuge and veterinary clinic in southeast Queensland","volume":"42","author":"Malo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/12\/1525\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:12Z","timestamp":1760146812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/11\/12\/1525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens11121525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11121525","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]}}}