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Therefore, our study explored the impact of maternal factors, such as saliva and breastmilk colonization, cardiovascular risk factors (CRF), type of delivery, oral health, and caregiving habits on the prevalence of potential pathogenic and opportunistic oral bacteria in early life. A total of 26 healthy mothers, 23 mothers with CRF, and their 50 children were included and samples (child\u2019s oral swabs, mother\u2019s saliva, and breastmilk) were collected 4 to 12 weeks after delivery and inoculated in selective and differential media for detection of non-fastidious Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria to isolate potential pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria identified by MALDI-TOF MS (414 isolates). Within mother\u2013child dyads, the same species were identified in 86% of the pairs and potential pathogenic microorganisms from the Staphylococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families were found to be statistically significantly concordant between mother\u2013child samples, particularly in the healthy group. Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia oral colonization in mother\u2013child pairs were associated with the presence of CRF. Breastfeeding was related to the early life oral colonization of Staphylococcus epidermidis in children from healthy mothers and C-section was associated with higher diversity of pathogens, independent of cardiovascular status (p = 0.05). This study reveals the presence of potential oral opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria in early life and highlights the importance of maternal factors in its acquisition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T04:08:07Z","timestamp":1672805287000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Potential Pathogenic and Opportunistic Oral Bacteria in Early Life: The Role of Maternal Factors in a Portuguese Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade do Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9117-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior de Sa\u00fade, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Filipa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular R&D Centre\u2014UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1014-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade do Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"EPIUnit\u2014Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Epidemiologia, Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio para a Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Integrativa e Translacional em Sa\u00fade Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Falc\u00e3o-Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular R&D Centre\u2014UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1432-6194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egija","family":"Zaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Pediatrics Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4316-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9368-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedita","family":"Sampaio-Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade do Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2017.04.005","article-title":"The human microbiome","volume":"62","author":"Blum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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