{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T23:48:33Z","timestamp":1773964113107,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"NSF-USDA-NIH Ecology and Evolution of Infectious Disease program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-67015-28981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67015-28981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This updated review provides an overview of the available information on Ornithodoros ticks as reservoirs and biological vectors of the ASF virus in Africa and Indian Ocean islands in order to update the current knowledge in this field, inclusive of an overview of available methods to investigate the presence of ticks in the natural environment and in domestic pig premises. In addition, it highlights the major areas of research that require attention in order to guide future investigations and fill knowledge gaps. The available information suggests that current knowledge is clearly insufficient to develop risk-based control and prevention strategies, which should be based on a sound understanding of genotype distribution and the potential for spillover from the source population. Studies on tick biology in the natural and domestic cycle, including genetics and systematics, represent another important knowledge gap. Considering the rapidly changing dynamics affecting the African continent (demographic growth, agricultural expansion, habitat transformation), anthropogenic factors influencing tick population distribution and ASF virus (ASFV) evolution in Africa are anticipated and have been recorded in southern Africa. This dynamic context, together with the current global trends of ASFV dissemination, highlights the need to prioritize further investigation on the acarological aspects linked with ASF ecology and evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T02:59:26Z","timestamp":1679021966000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["An Updated Review of Ornithodoros Ticks as Reservoirs of African Swine Fever in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ferran","family":"Jori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR ASTRE (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems), CIRAD Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Armanda","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Boinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juanita Van","family":"Van Heerden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Livio","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Jourdan-Pineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR ASTRE (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems), CIRAD Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Martinez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi Pereira de","family":"Pereira de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR ASTRE (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems), CIRAD Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Pollet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR ASTRE (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems), CIRAD Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Quembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Region Office\u2014Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Chimoio EN6.CP42, Mozambique"}]},{"given":"Keaton","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Simulundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macha Research Trust, Choma 20100, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Taraveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR ASTRE (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems), CIRAD Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6924-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary-Louise","family":"Penrith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021419-083741","article-title":"African swine fever epidemiology and control","volume":"8","author":"Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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