{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T01:40:51Z","timestamp":1768873251394,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LEAP-Agri","award":["220-MeTVAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220-MeTVAC"]}]},{"name":"LEAP-Agri","award":["LEAPAgri\/0005\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEAPAgri\/0005\/2017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220-MeTVAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220-MeTVAC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LEAPAgri\/0005\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEAPAgri\/0005\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tropical Bovine Theileriosis is an important tick-borne disease. This study aims to assess the occurrence of Theileria annulata infection in two indigenous Portuguese cattle breeds. A total of 843 blood samples collected from animals of Alentejana (n = 420) and Mertolenga (n = 423) breeds were analyzed. The detection of Theileria annulata was determined by amplification of a fragment of the merozoite-pyroplasm surface antigen gene with 319 base pairs (bp). The prevalence found (10.8%) is lower than that reported in previous studies (21.3%). A statistically significant difference was found for positivity between breeds (p &lt; 0.05). There is also a higher probability of older animals being positive compared to younger ones (p &lt; 0.05). The region where Mertolenga animals are located is shown to have a significant impact on positivity (p &lt; 0.05). Thus, the development of sustainable T. annulata control strategies and their implementation, adapted to the epidemiological conditions of higher risk, will be extremely important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T02:05:58Z","timestamp":1682993158000},"page":"669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Theileria annulata Infection in Two Bovine Portuguese Autochthonous Breeds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9253-1508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Valente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIVG\u2014Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG\u2014Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Animal and Veterinary Research Center, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Estrat\u00e9gica de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Servi\u00e7os\u2014Produ\u00e7\u00e3o e Sa\u00fade Animal (UEIS-PSA), Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, Av. Da Rep\u00fablica, Quinta do Marqu\u00eas (edif\u00edcio sede), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Carolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIVG\u2014Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG\u2014Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Polo de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Fonte Boa\u2014Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Zoot\u00e9cnica Nacional, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, 2005-424 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2543-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacinto","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Elvas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Portalegre, 7350-092 Elvas, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola de Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias e Veterin\u00e1rias, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Animal and Veterinary Research Center, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Espadinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Criadores de Bovinos da Ra\u00e7a Alentejana, Herdade da Coutada Real\u2014Assumar, 7450-051 Assumar, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Criadores de Bovinos Mertolengos, 7006-806 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7003-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Carolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIVG\u2014Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG\u2014Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Polo de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o da Fonte Boa\u2014Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Zoot\u00e9cnica Nacional, Instituto Nacional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria e Veterin\u00e1ria, 2005-424 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"},{"name":"ISA\u2014Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004378","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1004378","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of tropical theileriosis in smallholder asymptomatic large ruminants in Egypt","volume":"9","author":"Yousef","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.04.023","article-title":"Population diversity of Theileria annulata in Portugal","volume":"42","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, R., Shams, S., Khan, M.A., Ayaz, S., Akbar, N.U., Din, Q.U., Khan, A., Leon, R., and Zeb, J. (2021). Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Theileria annulata in cattle from central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249417"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12388","article-title":"Approaches to vaccination against Theileria parva and Theileria annulata","volume":"38","author":"Nene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.01.007","article-title":"Ticks and tick-borne diseases","volume":"49","author":"Boulanger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"171","article-title":"Study of occurrence of theileriosis in cattle from Parbhani district, Maharashtra, India","volume":"8","author":"Khawale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharma Innov."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"20","article-title":"Prevalence of Theileria Annulata infected hard ticks of cattle and buffalo in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"23","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.01.004","article-title":"Detection and phylogenetic characterization of Theileria spp. and Anaplasma marginale in Rhipicephalus bursa in Portugal","volume":"7","author":"Ferrolho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.1475-1480","article-title":"Prevalence of Theileria annulata in dairy cattle in Nyala, South Darfur State, Sudan","volume":"10","author":"Abaker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"11","article-title":"General review of tick species present in Portugal","volume":"41","author":"Caeiro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitologia"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"39","article-title":"Carra\u00e7as associadas a patologias infecciosas em Portugal","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1008","article-title":"Tropical Theileriosis and East Coast Fever in Cattle: Present, Past and Future Perspective","volume":"4","author":"Gul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.202000096","article-title":"Theileria secretes proteins to subvert its host leukocyte","volume":"113","author":"Tajeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00226-0","article-title":"Determination of duration of immunity of calves vaccinated with the Theileria annulata schizont cell culture vaccine","volume":"90","author":"Beniwal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11040.x","article-title":"Theileria annulata: Carrier state and immunity","volume":"849","author":"Ilhan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"9","article-title":"An overview of Bovine Theileriosis","volume":"4","author":"Ganaie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-940X.2016.00151.0","article-title":"Prevalence of Tropical Theileriosis in Cattle in Chhattisgarh State","volume":"6","author":"Naik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valente, D., Gomes, J., Coelho, A.C., and Carolino, I. (2022). Genetic Resistance of Bovines to Theileriosis. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12212903"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(15)60825-8","article-title":"Control of tropical theileriosis (Theileria annulata infection in cattle) in North Africa","volume":"5","author":"Gharbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-020-00580-4","article-title":"Why breed disease\u2014Resilient livestock, and how ?","volume":"52","author":"Knap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.12.006","article-title":"Bos taurus and Bos indicus (Sahiwal) calves respond differently to infection with Theileria annulata and produce markedly different levels of acute phase proteins","volume":"35","author":"Glass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.07.013","article-title":"Resistance and susceptibility to a protozoan parasite of cattle\u2014Gene expression differences in macrophages from different breeds of cattle","volume":"120","author":"Glass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00845-4","article-title":"Piroplasms of domestic animals in the Macedonia region of Greece\u20142. Piroplasms of cattle","volume":"63","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2017.08.006","article-title":"Molecular, epidemiological, haematological and biochemical evaluation in asymptomatic Theileria annulata infected cattle from an endemic region in Spain","volume":"8","author":"Sainz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gargano, V., Blanda, V., Gambino, D., La Russa, F., Di Cataldo, S., Gentile, A., Schir\u00f2, G., Torina, A., Mill\u00e1n, J., and Vicari, D. (2021). Serological Survey and Molecular Characterization of Theileria annulata in Sicilian Cattle. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020101"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Antunes, G.M. (2008). Hemoparasitoses em Bovinos de Carne. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade T\u00e9cnica de Lisboa]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Marques, J.J.d.S. (2011). Theileriose Tropical em Bovinos de Carne na Regi\u00e3o do Alentejo. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade de \u00c9vora]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.07.002","article-title":"Detection of Theileria and Babesia infections amongst asymptomatic cattle in Portugal","volume":"4","author":"Gomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2010.11.1.27","article-title":"Fatal cases of Theileria annulata infection in calves in Portugal associated with neoplastic-like lymphoid cell proliferation","volume":"11","author":"Branco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"ICNF (2023, January 20). Programa Regional de Ordenamento Florestal Alentejo 2011. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10174\/25576."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-005-5107-9","article-title":"The distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of domestic livestock in Portugal","volume":"36","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valc\u00e1rcel, F., Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Gonz\u00e1lez, M.G., S\u00e1nchez, M., Tercero, J.M., Elhachimi, L., Carbonell, J.D., and Olmeda, A.S. (2020). Comparative Ecology of Hyalomma lusitanicum and Hyalomma marginatum Koch, 1844 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11050303"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.07.006","article-title":"Revisiting the Tams1-encoding gene as a species-specific target for the molecular detection of Theileria annulata in bovine blood samples","volume":"4","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109044","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and associated risk factors of Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata in cattle from North-western Pakistan","volume":"279","author":"Zeb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"563","article-title":"Diagnostic de la theil\u00e9riose tropicale du b\u0153uf (infection par Theileria annulata) en Afrique du Nord","volume":"163","author":"Gharbi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1782-1789.1999","article-title":"Simultaneous Detection of Bovine Theileria and Babesia Species by Reverse Line Blot Hybridization","volume":"37","author":"Gubbels","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00488-5","article-title":"Detection of haemoparasites in cattle by reverse line blot hybridisation with a note on the distribution of ticks in Sicily","volume":"99","author":"Georges","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13312","article-title":"Current status of tropical theileriosis in Northern Africa: A review of recent epidemiological investigations and implications for control","volume":"67","author":"Gharbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1106-9","article-title":"Molecular detection and characterization of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Theileria species and Anaplasma marginale isolated from cattle in Kenya","volume":"8","author":"Moumouni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.103972","article-title":"The impact of tick-borne pathogen infection in Indian bovines is determined by host type but not the genotype of Theileria annulata","volume":"75","author":"Larcombe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"57","article-title":"Epidemiology of Tropical Theileriosis in the Cappadocia Region","volume":"32","author":"Inci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1262","article-title":"First Serological Detection of Theileria Annulata in Buffaloes in Iraq","volume":"25","author":"Sray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rom. Soc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2015-0053","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology, risk factors and hematochemical alterations induced by Theileria annulata in bovines of Punjab (India)","volume":"60","author":"Tuli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.305","article-title":"Bovine piroplasmosis-anaplasmosis and clinical signs of tropical theileriosis in the plains of Djurdjura (north Algeria)","volume":"6","author":"Ziam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2010.445-448","article-title":"Prevalence and Significance of Haemoparasitic Infections of Cattle in North- Central, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Kamani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parveen, A., Alkhaibari, A.M., Asif, M., Almohammed, H.I., Naqvi, Z., Khan, A., Aktas, M., Ozubek, S., Farooq, M., and Iqbal, F. (2021). Molecular Epidemiology of Theileria annulata in Cattle from Two Districts in Punjab (Pakistan). Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123443"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0583-y","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on tick-borne diseases of cattle in Central Equatoria State, Southern Sudan","volume":"101","author":"Salih","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.79","article-title":"Original Article Molecular prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Theileria annulata and Trypanosoma evansi in cattle in Northern Tunisia","volume":"4","author":"Sallemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)00760-A","article-title":"Factors influencing the transmission and incidence of tropical theileriosis (Theileria annulata infection of cattle) in Morocco","volume":"59","author":"Flach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"IPMA (2023, January 29). \u00c1rea Educativa\u2014Clima de Portugal Continental. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipma.pt\/pt\/educativa\/tempo.clima\/?print=true."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06758-5","article-title":"Biological parameters for Rhipicephalus microplus in the field and laboratory and estimation of its annual number of generations in a tropical region","volume":"119","author":"Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.07.010","article-title":"Low temperature affects cattle tick reproduction but does not lead to transovarial transmission of Anaplasma marginale","volume":"214","author":"Esteves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-012-1505-7","article-title":"Report of Theileria annulata and Babesia canis infections in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Bigdeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"321","article-title":"Detection and Molecular Characterization of Babesia canis vogeli and Theileria annulata in Free-Ranging Dogs and Ticks from Shahriar County, Tehran Province, Iran","volume":"15","author":"Habibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-010-0009-0","article-title":"Evidence of new pathogenic Theileria species in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Dixit","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2","article-title":"Theileria annae in a young Swedish dog","volume":"55","author":"Tasker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"7","article-title":"Theileriosis in six dogs in South Africa and its potential clinical significance","volume":"85","author":"Rosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Comun."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/5\/669\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:28:04Z","timestamp":1760124484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/12\/5\/669"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens12050669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12050669","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]}}}