{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:59Z","timestamp":1760145479751,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HIVERA","award":["249697","GHTM-UID\/Multi\/04413\/2013","GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","LA-REAL-LA\/P\/0117\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["249697","GHTM-UID\/Multi\/04413\/2013","GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","LA-REAL-LA\/P\/0117\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT","award":["249697","GHTM-UID\/Multi\/04413\/2013","GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","LA-REAL-LA\/P\/0117\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["249697","GHTM-UID\/Multi\/04413\/2013","GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020","PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014","LA-REAL-LA\/P\/0117\/2020","PTDC\/SAU-INF\/31990\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to occur at high levels. According to the WHO, each year there are an estimated 374 million new infections with syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. STIs are associated with an increased risk of acquiring HIV infection. Migrants are reportedly highly affected by STIs. Objectives: This study aims to characterize factors associated with STIs in a population of HIV-positive migrants living in Portugal. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional observational study of 265 newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive migrants, who were defined as individuals born outside Portugal. This group of people were part of the BESTHOPE study that was developed in 17 Portuguese hospitals between September 2014 and December 2019, and included information collected through sociodemographic and behavioral questionnaires filled in by the migrant patients, clinical questionnaires filled in by the clinicians and HIV-1 genomic sequences generated through resistance testing (Sanger sequencing). A multivariable statistical analysis was used to analyze the association between sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, HIV testing and sexual infections. Results: Most HIV-1 positive individuals included in the study were men (66.8%) and aged between 25 and 44 years old (59.9%). Men had a higher proportion of STIs when compared to women (40.4% vs. 14.0%) and the majority of men reported homosexual contacts (52.0%). Most men reported having had two or more occasional sexual partners in the previous year (88.8%) and 50.9% reported always using condoms with occasional partners, while 13.2% never used it. For regular partners, only 29.5% of the women reported using condoms, compared to 47.3% of men. Other risk behaviors for acquiring HIV, such as tattooing and performing invasive medical procedures, were more prevalent in men (38.0% and 46.2%, respectively), when compared to women (30.4% and 45.1% respectively) and 4.7% of men reported having already shared injectable materials, with no data for comparison in the case for women. Additionally, 23.9% of women reported having had a blood transfusion while only 10.3% of men reported having had this medical procedure. Meanwhile, 30.9% of the individuals reported having been diagnosed with some type of STI in the last 12 months. In addition, 43.3% of individuals that answered a question about hepatitis reported to be infected with hepatitis B, while 13.0% reported having hepatitis C infection. According to the multivariable analysis, the only transmission route was significantly associated with reports of previous STI infection: men who have sex with men (MSM) were 70% more likely to have been diagnosed with an STI in the past 12 months compared to the heterosexual route. Conclusion: HIV-1 infected men were more likely to report previous STIs than women. On the other hand, most migrant women had a regular sexual partner and never or only sometimes used condoms. This somewhat discrepant findings suggest that gender inequalities may make women unable to negotiate safe sexual practices, resulting in increased susceptibility to infection. However, since migrant women report less STIs, we cannot exclude that these STIs may remain undiagnosed. The implementation of safer sex awareness campaigns for condom use and screening for STIs in women is crucial. On the other hand, health education campaigns for STI knowledge need to be implemented for both MSM and women and their partners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T14:16:38Z","timestamp":1721398598000},"page":"598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Behavioral Factors Associated with Sexual Transmitted Infection among HIV-1 Positive Migrants in Portugal: Are There Differences between Sexes?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mafalda N. S.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6390-4128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Gra\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sofia G.","family":"Seabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cruz S.","family":"Sebasti\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade Imunodefici\u00eancia, Hospital Pulido Valente\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Santa Maria, 1769-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Domit\u00edlia","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Medicina 3, Hospital de Portim\u00e3o\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Algarve, 8500-338 Portim\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8675-2697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eug\u00e9nio","family":"Te\u00f3filo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Medicina 2.3, Hospital de Santo Ant\u00f3nio dos Capuchos, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, 1169-050 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Roxo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Doen\u00e7as Infecciosas, Hospital de Santar\u00e9m\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Lez\u00edria, 2005-177 Santar\u00e9m, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5828-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Maltez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Doen\u00e7as Infeciosas, Hospital Curry Cabral, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio Lisboa Central\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, 1069-166 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Germano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Medicina 1.4, Hospital de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de Lisboa Central\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Preven\u00e7\u00e3o e Controlo de Infe\u00e7\u00f5es e de Resist\u00eancias aos Antimicrobianos\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Medicina 2, Hospital de Faro\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Algarve, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Po\u00e7as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Infeciologia, Centro Hospitalar de Set\u00fabal\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Arr\u00e1bida, 22910-446 Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Mansinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Doen\u00e7as Infeciosas, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, 1349-019 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Mend\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos (GAT), 1000-228 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Infeciologia, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Mouro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Infeciologia, Hospital de Aveiro, Centro Hospitalar Baixo Vouga, 3810-164 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Infeciologia, Hospital Garcia da Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Infeciologia, Hospital Dr. Fernando da Fonseca, 2720-276 Amadora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Proen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Infeciologia, Hospital de Faro\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade Algarve, 8000-386 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7345-6832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Infeciologia, Hospital Beatriz \u00c2ngelo, 2674-514 Loures, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0080-7571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Correia de Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Doen\u00e7as Infeciosas, Hospital Pedro Hispano\u2014Unidade de Local de Sa\u00fade de Matosinhos, 4464-513 Matosinhos, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Serr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Doen\u00e7as Infeciosas, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, 4202-451 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Telo","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Jos\u00e9 Joaquim Fernandes\u2014Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Baixo Alentejo, 7801-849 Beja, Portugal"}]},{"name":"BESTHOPE Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7941-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Ros\u00e1rio","family":"O. Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3271-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perp\u00e9tua","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular (LMCBM, SPC, ULSLO-HEM), 1349-019 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana B.","family":"Abecasis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7928-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pingarilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, November 10). 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STD AIDS"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/7\/598\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:19:55Z","timestamp":1760109595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/7\/598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13070598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13070598","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]}}}