{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:17Z","timestamp":1760145437437,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the Operational Competitiveness Programme (COMPETE)","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020 (CITAB-UTAD)","Inov4Agro (LA\/P\/0126\/2020)","UIDB\/00772\/2020 (CECAV)","UIDB\/00211\/2020 (CECA-ICETA)","AL4AnimalS (LA\/P\/0059\/2020)","UIDB\/00690\/2020 (CIMO)","LA\/P\/0007\/2020 (SusTEC)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020 (CITAB-UTAD)","Inov4Agro (LA\/P\/0126\/2020)","UIDB\/00772\/2020 (CECAV)","UIDB\/00211\/2020 (CECA-ICETA)","AL4AnimalS (LA\/P\/0059\/2020)","UIDB\/00690\/2020 (CIMO)","LA\/P\/0007\/2020 (SusTEC)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As bioindicators, freshwater bivalves are crucial for the assessment of the contamination impact on different levels of biological integration. Escherichia coli is used as a bioindicator of water fecal contamination, representing a critical global concern, especially with the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Phylogenetic diversity, pathotypic characterization, and antibiotic resistance profiles of E. coli isolated from freshwater bivalves (Anodonta anatina) were assessed. Samples were collected from the Tua River in Northern Portugal, from two different sites, Chelas and Barcel, representing different degrees of contamination. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method, and characterizations of the phylogenetic groups and pathotypes were assessed by PCR-multiplex and real-time PCR-multiplex, respectively. Results showed that 60% of isolates were characterized as MDR, including resistance to carbapenems, considered the last resort against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Within this study, it was also possible to verify the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile differences between the two sampling sites, with bivalve isolates from the Chelas site showing a higher percentage of antibiotic resistance. Among the E. coli isolates, the highest prevalence (55%) was observed in group B1, followed by group D or E (15%), group A (10%), and group E or Clade I (10%). None of the isolates were classified as diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). This work highlights the potential transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria through bivalves in the food chain. The \u2018One Health\u2019 approach is crucial for combating antimicrobial resistance, namely in edible freshwater species, emphasizing active surveillance to protect human, animal, and environmental health against the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T14:31:07Z","timestamp":1721917867000},"page":"617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Accumulated by Freshwater Bivalves: An Underestimated Risk for Public Health?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5840-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana C. L.","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AB2Unit\u2014Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit, Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"AquaValor\u2014Centro de Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia da \u00c1gua, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AB2Unit\u2014Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit, Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2873-501X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AB2Unit\u2014Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit, Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CIMO\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha, SusTEC-Laborat\u00f3rio Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regi\u00f5es de Montanha, IPB\u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edna","family":"Cabecinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AB2Unit\u2014Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit, Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4026-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AB2Unit\u2014Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit, Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8143-1803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research I.P. (INIAV), Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research I.P. (INIAV), Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Study in Animal Science (CECA-ICETA), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3435-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"AquaValor\u2014Centro de Valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Transfer\u00eancia de Tecnologia da \u00c1gua, 5400-342 Chaves, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7479-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela J.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5038-6085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Varandas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AB2Unit\u2014Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit, Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CIBIO\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7492-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AB2Unit\u2014Antimicrobials, Biocides & Biofilms Unit, Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV\u2014Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Las n\u00e1yades de la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica As n\u00e1iades da Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica the naiads of the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"27","author":"Araujo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. 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