{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T22:38:25Z","timestamp":1773527905549,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDP\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00681\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0059\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are zoonotic and have an important impact on animal and public health globally. Between 2009 and 2023, blood samples from domestic dogs with clinical suspicion of leishmaniosis were received from 286 veterinary medical centres throughout mainland Portugal. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilised to detect antibodies against Leishmania infantum antigens. Additionally, a complete blood count and tests for total proteins, urea, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase, as well as protein electrophoresis, were also performed. No significant relationship between sex and breed was observed. The age distribution was bimodal, with the highest prevalence of disease occurring at 2\u20135 years of age and a secondary peak occurring at 6 years or over (p &lt; 0.001). No statistical correlation was observed between creatinine and urea across the ELISA serological groups. In contrast, both the gamma globulin levels (r = 0.45; p &lt; 0.001) and the albumin\/globulin ratio (r = \u22120.36; p &lt; 0.001) exhibited moderate correlations with the ELISA. These findings support recent seroprevalence studies in dogs, with some geographical areas in Northern Portugal exhibiting the highest values, which may be the result of geographical shifts in parasite circulation due to climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T12:27:43Z","timestamp":1722256063000},"page":"635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Distribution of and Relationships between Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Parameters in Canine Leishmaniosis: A Retrospective Study of 15 Years (2009\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-9932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7940-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Garc\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre (CRAS), Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3992-3771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augusto","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INNO Veterinary Laboratories, R. C\u00e2ndido de Sousa 15, 4710-300 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Brilhante-Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"INNO Veterinary Laboratories, R. C\u00e2ndido de Sousa 15, 4710-300 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1261-7027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0589-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa Leclerc","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Science and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, Polo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), University of \u00c9vora, Polo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13382","article-title":"Commercially approved vaccines for canine leishmaniosis: A review of available data on their safety and efficacy","volume":"25","author":"Velez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, R.R., Michalick, M.S.M., Da Silva, M.E., Dos Santos, C.C.P., Fr\u00e9zard, F.J.G., and Da Silva, S.M. (2018). Canine leishmaniasis: An overview of the current status and strategies for control. Biomed. Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3296893"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06973-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infantum in dogs in Sardinia (Italy), an endemic island for leishmaniasis","volume":"120","author":"Tamponi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rombol\u00e0, P., Barlozzari, G., Carvelli, A., Scarpulla, M., Iacoponi, F., and Macr\u00ec, G. (2021). Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with exposure to Leishmania infantum in dogs, in an endemic mediterranean region. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244923"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106110","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis in Balkan\u2014A review of occurrence and epidemiology","volume":"224","author":"Vaselek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, M., Maia, C., Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, J.M., Morgado, C., Barbosa, I., Ibars, R.F., Campino, L., Gon\u00e7alves, L., and Cortes, S. (2022). Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infection in dogs from Portugal. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112262"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afonso, P., Coelho, A.C., Quintas, H., and Cardoso, L. (2023). Leishmania seroprevalence in dogs: Comparing shelter and domestic communities. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.1719.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-86","article-title":"LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"4","author":"Koutinas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinkovi\u0107, F., Popovi\u0107, M., Smolec, O., Mrljak, V., Eckersall, P.D., and Horvati\u0107, A. (2023). Data independent acquisition reveals in-depth serum proteome changes in canine leishmaniosis. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13030365"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2859-8","article-title":"Real-Time PCR applications for diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alten, B., Maia, C., Afonso, M.O., Campino, L., Jim\u00e9nez, M., Gonz\u00e1lez, E., Molina, R., Ba\u00f1uls, A.L., Prudhomme, J., and Vergnes, B. (2016). Seasonal dynamics of phlebotomine sand fly species proven vectors of mediterranean leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004458"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.08.030","article-title":"Climate and vectorborne diseases","volume":"35","author":"Gage","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rejali, M., Mohammadi Dashtaki, N., Ebrahimi, A., Heidari, A., and Maracy, M. (2022). Cutaneous leishmaniasis based on climate regions in Iran (1998-2021): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv. Biomed. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_90_21"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalera, M.A., Zatelli, A., Donghia, R., Mendoza-Roldan, J.A., Gernone, F., Otranto, D., and Iatta, R. (2022). Conjunctival swab Real Time-PCR in Leishmania infantum seropositive dogs: Diagnostic and prognostic values. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020184"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19505","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.10.19505-en","article-title":"Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe","volume":"15","author":"Ready","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201100148X","article-title":"Predicting the distribution of canine leishmaniasis in western Europe based on environmental variables","volume":"138","author":"Franco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05537-8","article-title":"Efficacy of domperidone plus renal diet in slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease in dogs with leishmaniosis","volume":"15","author":"Cavalera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurelli, M., Bosco, A., Foglia Manzillo, V., Vitale, F., Giaquinto, D., Ciuca, L., Molinaro, G., Cringoli, G., Oliva, G., and Rinaldi, L. (2020). Clinical, molecular and serological diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis: An integrated approach. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7020043"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e451","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.451","article-title":"Is signalment associated with clinicopathological findings in dogs with leishmaniosis?","volume":"189","author":"Planellas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6304127","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6304127","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis in Morocco: A descriptive prospective clinical study","volume":"2021","author":"Idrissi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04973-2","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania tarentolae in lizards, sand flies and dogs in southern Italy, where Leishmania infantum is endemic: Hindrances and opportunities","volume":"14","author":"Latrofa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05222-w","article-title":"Dogs with leishmaniosis: How are we managing proteinuria in daily practice? A portuguese questionnaire-based study","volume":"15","author":"Monteiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3860","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9837","article-title":"Bayesian multivariate longitudinal model for immune responses to Leishmania: A tick-borne co-infection study","volume":"42","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardoso, L., Schallig, H., Persichetti, M.F., and Pennisi, M.G. (2021). New epidemiological aspects of animal leishmaniosis in Europe: The role of vertebrate hosts other than dogs. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030307"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.02.015","article-title":"Comparison of serological assays for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in animals presenting different clinical manifestations","volume":"146","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-111","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis: Comparison of three commercial ELISA tests (Leiscan\u00ae, ID Screen\u00ae and Leishmania 96\u00ae), a rapid test (Speed Leish K\u00ae) and an in-house IFAT","volume":"7","author":"Carbonell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.03.024","article-title":"Performance of Leishmania braziliensis enolase protein for the serodiagnosis of canine and human visceral leishmaniosis","volume":"238","author":"Duarte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0145","article-title":"A novel molecular test to diagnose canine visceral leishmaniasis at the point of care","volume":"93","author":"Saldarriaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12413","article-title":"Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis","volume":"45","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.08.010","article-title":"Diagnostic markers selected by immunoproteomics and phage display applied for the serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniosis","volume":"126","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.005","article-title":"Value of the oral swab for the molecular diagnosis of dogs in different stages of infection with Leishmania infantum","volume":"225","author":"Aschar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, C.S., Esteves, S., Costa, I., Brancal, H., Lima, C., Amorim, C., Cardoso, L., Santar\u00e9m, N., and Cordeiro-da-Silva, A. (2022). Use of antigen combinations to address complex Leishmania-seropositivity patterns in dogs living in canine leishmaniosis endemic regions of Portugal. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10102018"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtin, J.M., and Aronson, N.E. (2021). Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging issues in a region of low endemicity. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030578"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maia, C., Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, C., Pereira, A., Rocha, R., Ortu\u00f1o, M., Mu\u00f1oz, C., Jumakanova, Z., P\u00e9rez-Cutilllas, P., \u00d6zbel, Y., and T\u00f6z, S. (2023). The estimated distribution of autochthonous leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum in Europe in 2005\u20132020. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011497"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2562-8","article-title":"Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems","volume":"584","author":"Gibb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100161","article-title":"One-Health approach: A best possible way to control rabies","volume":"10","author":"Acharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuchipudi, S.V., Behring, D., Nissly, R., Chothe, S.K., Gontu, A., Ravichandran, A., and Butler, T. (2022). Mitigating the impact of emerging animal infectious disease threats: First emerging animal infectious diseases conference (EAIDC) report. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050947"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, R., Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, C., Gon\u00e7alves, L., Carvalho, A.C., Maia, A., Martins, A., Carujo, A., Maio, A., Forra, C., and Melita, C. (2024). Epidemiological and clinical aspects of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniases in Portugal: Retrospective analysis of cases diagnosed in public hospitals and reported in the literature between 2010 and 2020. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040819"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106710","article-title":"A global perspective on non-autochthonous canine and feline Leishmania infection and leishmaniosis in the 21st century","volume":"237","author":"Rocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, X., Wang, S., Cheng, G., Guo, X., and Zhou, X. (2022). Editorial: Needs and potential application of One Health approach in the control of vector-borne and zoonotic infectious disease. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1089174"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2022.022","article-title":"Insight on infectious diseases from the perspective of One Health","volume":"4","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612015073","article-title":"Serological, parasitological and molecular tests for canine visceral leishmaniosis diagnosis in a longitudinal study","volume":"24","author":"Nunes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3865-1","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis: Comparison of three commercially available tests","volume":"113","author":"Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ledesma, D., Berriatua, E., Thomas, M.C., Bernal, L.J., Ortu\u00f1o, M., Benitez, C., Egui, A., Papasouliotis, K., Tennant, B., and Chambers, J. (2017). Performance of Leishmania PFR1 recombinant antigen in serological diagnosis of asymptomatic canine leishmaniosis by ELISA. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1224-z"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05328-1","article-title":"Leishmania exposure in dogs from two endemic countries from New and Old Worlds (Brazil and Portugal): Evaluation of three serological tests using Bayesian Latent Class models","volume":"15","author":"Maia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Riffenburgh, R.H., and Gillen, D.L. (2020). Statistics in Medicine, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Patrie, A., and Watson, P. (2013). Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science, Wiley-Blackwell. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrusfield, M., Christley, R., Brown, H., Diggle, P.J., French, N., Howe, K., Kelly, L., O\u2019Connor, A., Sargeant, J., and Wood, H. (2018). Veterinary Epidemiology, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118280249"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.04.028","article-title":"Risk factors for canine leishmaniasis in an endemic mediterranean region","volume":"189","author":"Cortes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05980-1","article-title":"Prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection and knowledge, perceptions, and practices in blood donors in mainland Portugal","volume":"16","author":"Rocha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1452-2","article-title":"Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum, Filariae and Wolbachia spp. in dogs from southern Portugal","volume":"9","author":"Maia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-100","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of canine leishmaniosis in \u00c9vora (southern Portugal): 20-year trends","volume":"6","author":"Schallig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Yuste, M., Mart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez, J., and Corpas-Lopez, V. (2022). Canine leishmaniasis: Update on epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9080387"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.06.020","article-title":"First molecular detection of Leishmania infantum in Sergentomyia minuta (Diptera, Psychodidae) in Alentejo, southern Portugal","volume":"174","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108930","article-title":"Geospatial analysis applied to seroepidemiological survey of canine leishmaniosis in east-central Portugal","volume":"274","author":"Pires","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomaz-Soccol, V., Gon\u00e7alves, A.L., Piechnik, C.A., Baggio, R.A., Boeger, W.A., Buchman, T.L., Rodrigues Dos Santos, D., Celestino, A., Aquino, J., and Leandro, A.S. (2018). Hidden danger: Unexpected scenario in the vector-parasite dynamics of leishmaniases in the Brazil side of triple border (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006336"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2007.09.003","article-title":"Characterization of sex, age, and breed for a population of canine leishmaniosis diseased dogs","volume":"85","author":"Miranda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, L.A., Acosta, L., Gutierrez, M.N., Cruz, I., Nieto, J., Deschutter, E.J., and Bornay-Llinares, F.J. (2021). A novel sampling model to study the epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis in an urban environment. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.642287"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edo, M., Mar\u00edn-Garc\u00eda, P.J., and Llobat, L. (2021). Is the prevalence of Leishmania infantum linked to breeds in dogs? Characterization of seropositive dogs in Ibiza. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092579"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"100861","article-title":"Immunological profile of two canine breeds in an endemic region of Leishmania infantum","volume":"40","author":"Llobat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e022620","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612021034","article-title":"Spatial distribution of canine Leishmania infantum infection in a municipality with endemic human leishmaniasis in eastern Bahia, Brazil","volume":"30","author":"Silvestre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Bras Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolato, R.d.C., de Abreu, R.T., Roatt, B.M., Aguiar-Soares, R.D.d.O., Reis, L.E.S., Carvalho, M.d.G., Carneiro, C.M., Giunchetti, R.C., Bouillet, L.E.M., and Lemos, D.S. (2013). Clinical forms of canine visceral leishmaniasis in naturally Leishmania infantum\u2013infected dogs and related myelogram and hemogram changes. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082947"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maia, C., and Campino, L. (2018). Biomarkers associated with Leishmania infantum exposure, infection, and disease in dogs. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00302"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06845-7","article-title":"Parasitemia and its daily variation in canine leishmaniasis","volume":"119","author":"Falcone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baxarias, M., Jornet-Rius, O., Donato, G., Mateu, C., Alcover, M.M., Pennisi, M.G., and Solano-Gallego, L. (2023). Signalment, immunological and parasitological status and clinicopathological findings of Leishmania-seropositive apparently healthy dogs. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101649"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalera, M.A., Iatta, R., Laricchiuta, P., Passantino, G., Abramo, F., Mendoza-Roldan, J.A., Otranto, D., and Zatelli, A. (2020). Clinical, haematological and biochemical findings in tigers infected by Leishmania infantum. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02419-y"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100637","article-title":"Prognostic analytes in dogs with Leishmania infantum infection living in a non-endemic area","volume":"171","author":"Geisweid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina, C.C., Dias, M.J., Domingues, T.D., Englar, R.E., and Leal, R.O. (2023). Clinical findings and prognostic factors for mortality in hospitalized dogs with leishmaniosis: A retrospective study. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect Dis., 101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2023.102041"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"65","article-title":"Presence of renal disease in dogs with patent leishmaniasis","volume":"51","author":"Planellas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13249","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis and kidney disease: Q&A for an overall management in clinical practice","volume":"62","author":"Roura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, M., Santos, R., Oliveira, R., Costa, L., Prata, A., Gon\u00e7alves, V., Roquette, M., Vala, H., and Santos-Gomes, G. (2020). Prognostic factors and life expectancy in canine leishmaniosis. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030128"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612013000300009","article-title":"Relationship between clinical and pathological signs and severity of canine leishmaniasis","volume":"22","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023090929302","article-title":"Distribution and relationships between clinical and biopathological parameters in canine leishmaniasis","volume":"18","author":"Amusategui","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1620-1626","article-title":"Monitoring of serum and urinary biomarkers during treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"Dias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15651-8","article-title":"Clinical and immunopathological findings during long term follow-up in Leishmania infantum experimentally infected dogs","volume":"7","author":"Abbehusen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, M.A., Santos, R., N\u00f3brega, C., Mega, C., Cruz, R., Esteves, F., Santos, C., Coelho, C., Mesquita, J.R., and Vala, H. (2022). A questionnaire-based survey on the long-term management of canine leishmaniosis by veterinary practitioners. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060731"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.06.016","article-title":"Proteomic research on new urinary biomarkers of renal disease in canine leishmaniosis: Survival and monitoring response to treatment","volume":"161","author":"Robles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coyne, M.J., Schultze, A.E., McCrann, D.J., Murphy, R.E., Cross, J., Strong-Townsend, M., Drake, C., and Mack, R. (2022). Evaluation of renal injury and function biomarkers, including symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), in the rat passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) model. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269085"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.109015","article-title":"Evaluation of serum symmetric dimethylarginine as a biomarker of kidney disease in canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum","volume":"277","author":"Giapitzoglou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00002-5","article-title":"One Health and Planetary Health research: Leveraging differences to grow together","volume":"7","author":"Villers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tajudeen, Y.A., Oladipo, H.J., Oladunjoye, I.O., Mustapha, M.O., Mustapha, S.T., Abdullahi, A.A., Yusuf, R.O., Abimbola, S.O., Adebayo, A.O., and Ikebuaso, J.G. (2022). Preventing the next pandemic through a Planetary Health approach: A focus on key drivers of zoonosis. Challenges, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/challe13020050"}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/8\/635\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:25:45Z","timestamp":1760109945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/8\/635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13080635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13080635","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]}}}