{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T04:20:57Z","timestamp":1773116457243,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]],"date-time":"2024-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["2020.07806.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.07806.BD"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","award":["2021.09461.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.09461.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract of domestic animals play a major role in the transmission of disease, which in turn may result in financial and productive losses. Notwithstanding, studies on the burden and distribution of diarrheagenic protists in zoological gardens are still insufficient. Given the close animal\u2013animal and animal\u2013human interaction in these settings, Public Health concerns under the One Health context are raised. Using molecular detection tools and phylogenetic analysis, the goal of this study was to assess the occurrence of four potentially zoonotic protists\u2014Balantioides coli, Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.\u2014in animals residing in zoological parks in Portugal. Occurrence of Eimeria spp. was also assessed because of its veterinary relevance. Although Blastocystis sp. represents most of the positive samples obtained (11.6%; 95% CI: 0.08\u20130.17), all parasites were detected (B. coli (2.9%; 95% CI: 0.01\u20130.06), and Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp. and Giardia spp. presented the same prevalence (0.5%; 95% CI: 0.00\u20130.03)). We also describe the first molecular detection of B. coli in a collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), of Blastocystis sp. in three different python species, and G. muris in a central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps), suggesting the broadening of the host range for these parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T08:35:23Z","timestamp":1728290123000},"page":"874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multicentric Study on Enteric Protists Occurrence in Zoological Parks in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8118-0870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rafaela","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2828-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Silva-Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8384-0640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscilla","family":"Gomes da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Public Health Institute, Porto University, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Istrate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA\u2014Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9742-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Santos-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rivero-Juarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Virology and Zoonosis, Infections Diseases Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Reina Sof\u00eda Hospital, C\u00f3rdoba University, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Carmena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Public Health Institute, Porto University, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05038-11","article-title":"Enteric Protozoa in the Developed World: A Public Health Perspective","volume":"25","author":"Fletcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.1095","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis and Other Intestinal Protozoan Infections in Children Less Than One Year of Age in Mexico City","volume":"75","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.21608\/PUJ.2018.16317","article-title":"Intestinal protozoa in diarrheic children in an Egyptian rural area: Role of water contamination and other possible risk factors","volume":"11","author":"Ellatif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. United J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2014.03.007","article-title":"The prevalence and diversity of intestinal parasitic infections in humans and domestic animals in a rural Cambodian village","volume":"63","author":"Inpankaew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"100608","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes from diarrheic dairy calves in Israel","volume":"25","author":"Zilberberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"382","article-title":"Detection of faecal Cryptosporidium parvum antigen in diarrheic Holstein dairy cows","volume":"28","author":"Badiei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00837-2","article-title":"Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens","volume":"51","author":"Blake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109139","article-title":"Diarrhoea associated with gastrointestinal parasites in grazing sheep","volume":"282","author":"Jacobson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.020","article-title":"Gastrointestinal protozoa in non-human primates of four zoological gardens in Belgium","volume":"148","author":"Levecke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-44-145","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in Calf Diarrhoea in Sweden","volume":"44","author":"Svensson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.-J., Cho, H.-C., Jang, D.-H., Park, J., and Choi, K.-S. (2023). Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the Republic of Korea. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279533"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105298","article-title":"Balantidium coli in domestic animals: An emerging protozoan pathogen of zoonotic significance","volume":"203","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2018.56.6.603","article-title":"The First Case of Diarrhoea in Tibetan Sheep, Ovis aries, Caused by Balantidium coli in the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Area, China","volume":"56","author":"Jian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32831da7dd","article-title":"Update on human infections caused by intestinal protozoa","volume":"25","author":"Pierce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1086\/320894","article-title":"Traveler\u2019s Diarrhea Due to Intestinal Protozoa","volume":"33","author":"Okhuysen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0714-8","article-title":"Molecular characterization of intestinal protozoa in two poor communities in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"8","author":"David","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Silva, S., Moraes, D.F.d.S.D., L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, P., Palmeira, J.D., Torres, R.T., Nascimento, M.S.J., Dashti, A., Carmena, D., Rivero-Juarez, A., and Mesquita, J.R. (2023). Survey of Zoonotic Diarrheagenic Protist and Hepatitis E Virus in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) of Portugal. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020256"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/1933489","article-title":"Ciliated Protozoa","volume":"43","author":"Davis","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aninagyei, E., Nanga, S., Acheampong, D.O., Mensah, R., Boadu, M.N., Kwansa-Bentum, H.T., and Tettey, C.O. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of human Balantidium coli infection and its association with haematological and biochemical parameters in Ga West Municipality, Ghana. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06731-2"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03005006","article-title":"Balantidiasis","volume":"17","author":"Swartzwelder","year":"1950","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1973.22.33","article-title":"Balantidiasis outbreak in Truk","volume":"22","author":"Walzer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"424","article-title":"Balantioides coli","volume":"135","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0086","article-title":"Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans","volume":"364","author":"Meng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.39.3.006","article-title":"Blastocystis in captivated and free-ranging wild animals worldwide: A review","volume":"39","author":"Sanggari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, S., Maloney, J.G., Molokin, A., George, N.S., Vecino, J.A.C., and Santin, M. (2022). Diversity of Blastocystis Subtypes in Horses in Colombia and Identification of Two New Subtypes. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091693"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00138","article-title":"Blastocystis subtype distribution in domestic and captive wild bird species from Brazil using next generation amplicon sequencing","volume":"9","author":"Maloney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santin, M., Figueiredo, A., Molokin, A., George, N.S., K\u00f6ster, P.C., Dashti, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Barrio, D., Carmena, D., and Maloney, J.G. (2023). Division of Blastocystis ST10 into three new subtypes: ST42-ST44. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 71.","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12998"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182006001582","article-title":"Direct characterization of Blastocystis from faeces by PCR and evidence of zoonotic potential","volume":"134","author":"Parkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6ster, P.C., Mart\u00ednez-Nevado, E., Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Abell\u00f3-Poveda, M.T., Fern\u00e1ndez-Bellon, H., de la Riva-Fraga, M., Marquet, B., Gu\u00e9ry, J.-P., Knauf-Witzens, T., and Weigold, A. (2022). Intestinal Protists in Captive Non-human Primates and Their Handlers in Six European Zoological Gardens. Molecular Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.819887"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.07.006","article-title":"Subtype distribution of Blastocystis isolates from synanthropic and zoo animals and identification of a new subtype","volume":"39","author":"Stensvold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2975-5","article-title":"Prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. isolates from poultry in Lebanon and evidence of zoonotic potential","volume":"11","author":"Greige","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2007.06.001","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of human Blastocystis in a village in Yunnan province, China","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.04.006","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Blastocystis in pigs and their in-contact humans in Southeast Queensland, Australia, and Cambodia","volume":"203","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-08","article-title":"New Insights on Classification, Identification, and Clinical Relevance of Blastocystis spp.","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"259","article-title":"Mysterious chronic urticaria caused by Blastocystis spp.?","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4851","article-title":"Eradication of Blastocystis hominis prevents the development of symptomatic Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A case report","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900241","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.43.1900241","article-title":"Substantial prevalence of enteroparasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. in asymptomatic schoolchildren in Madrid, Spain, November 2017 to June 2018","volume":"24","author":"Reh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.105085","article-title":"Epidemiology and subtype distribution of Blastocystis in humans: A review","volume":"95","author":"Popruk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"357","article-title":"Remission of Delayed Pressure Urticaria after Eradication of Blastocystis hominis","volume":"85","author":"Cassano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.473212.x","article-title":"Hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and chronic urticaria cured by treatment of Blastocystis hominis infection","volume":"146","author":"Biedermann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.08.007","article-title":"Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia\u2014A 50 year perspective (1971\u20132021)","volume":"51","author":"Ryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kivist\u00f6, R., K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4inen, S., Huitu, O., Niemimaa, J., and Henttonen, H. (2021). Zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. in Wild Rodents and Shrews. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112242"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Deng, H., Zheng, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, S., He, L., and Zhao, J. (2022). First Characterization and Zoonotic Potential of Cryptospor-idium spp. and Giardia Duodenalis in Pigs in Hubei Province of China. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.949773"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"345","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp. in wild murids (Rodentia) from Corsica, France","volume":"121","author":"Feliu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duszynski, D.W. (2011). Eimeria. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0001962.pub2"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12013","article-title":"Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites","volume":"37","author":"Kemp","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprong, H., Cacci\u00f2, S.M., van der Giessen, J.W.B., and on behalf of the ZOOPNET network and partners (2009). Identification of Zoonotic Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000558"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.02.015","article-title":"The identification of a new Giardia duodenalis assemblage in marine vertebrates and a preliminary analysis of G. duodenalis population biology in marine systems","volume":"40","author":"Welch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e60","article-title":"Occurrence and Diversity of Giardia duodenalis Assemblages in Livestock in the UK","volume":"61","author":"Minetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05217-7","article-title":"High zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild nonhuman primates from Yunnan Province, China","volume":"15","author":"Shu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.09.034","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis in humans and animals\u2013Transmission and disease","volume":"135","author":"Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10","article-title":"Zoonotic Potential and Molecular Epidemiology of Giardia Species and Giardiasis","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)58002-8","article-title":"Variation in Giardia: Implications for Taxonomy and Epidemiology","volume":"58","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.06.004","article-title":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium in mammalian wildlife\u2013current status and future needs","volume":"21","author":"Appelbee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.06.024","article-title":"Tentative identification of the species of Balantidium from ostriches (Struthio camelus) as Balantidium coli-like by analysis of polymorphic DNA","volume":"157","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2005.12.001","article-title":"DNA Barcoding of Blastocystis","volume":"157","author":"Scicluna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Protist"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00855.x","article-title":"Molecular analysis of Cryptosporidium species isolated from HIV-infected patients in Thailand","volume":"7","author":"Tiangtip","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2002.121797","article-title":"Subtyping Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, a Zoonotic Pathogen Emerging in Humans","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06320-y","article-title":"First molecular data on Eimeria truttae from brown trout (Salmo trutta)","volume":"118","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2802-z","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of Giardia species in wild rodents in Germany","volume":"11","author":"Helmy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"678","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition-transversion and G+C-content biases","volume":"9","author":"Tamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00145-6","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Parasites in Captive Animals at the Rio de Janeiro Zoo","volume":"65","author":"Barbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"611","article-title":"Frequency of Intestinal Parasites among Zoo Animal by Morphometric Criteria and First Report of the Bivitellobilharzia nairi from Elephant (Elephasmaximus maximus) in Iran","volume":"13","author":"Mirzapour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2016.2185","article-title":"Farm Fairs and Petting Zoos: A Review of Animal Contact as a Source of Zoonotic Enteric Disease","volume":"14","author":"Conrad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.07.015","article-title":"Intestinal parasites in various animals at a zoo in Malaysia","volume":"157","author":"Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1039","article-title":"Copromicroscopic study of gastrointestinal parasites in captive mammals at Central Zoo, Lalitpur, Nepal","volume":"9","author":"Dhakal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2022040","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites in non-human primates in zoological institutions in France","volume":"29","author":"Vonfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2005.00588.x","article-title":"Cross-sectional survey of gastro-intestinal parasites of Grevy\u2019s zebras in southern Samburu, Kenya","volume":"43","author":"Muoria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Afr. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02215003","article-title":"A study of parasitic infections in mammals and birds at the Dublin Zoological Gardens","volume":"5","author":"Geraghty","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6ster, P.C., Dashti, A., Bailo, B., Muadica, A.S., Maloney, J.G., Sant\u00edn, M., Chicharro, C., Miguel\u00e1\u00f1ez, S., Nieto, F.J., and Cano-Terriza, D. (2021). Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Protist Parasites in Captive Non-Human Primates, Zookeepers, and Free-Living Sympatric Rats in the C\u00f3rdoba Zoo Conservation Centre, Southern Spain. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030700"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2011.06.008","article-title":"Genetic Heterogeneity in Internal Transcribed Spacer Genes of Balantidium coli (Litostomatea, Ciliophora)","volume":"162","year":"2011","journal-title":"Protist"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1021-5","article-title":"The role played by sympatric collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), and feral pig (Sus scrofa) as maintenance hosts for Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma cruzi in a sylvatic area of Brazil","volume":"103","author":"Herrera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"E1051","article-title":"Diarrhoea-causing enteric protist species in intensively and extensively raised pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Southern Spain. Part I: Prevalence and genetic diversity","volume":"69","author":"Dashti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.46357\/bcnaturais.v17i2.825","article-title":"Report of a protozoan of the phylum Ciliophora compatible with Balantioides coli in feces of white-lipped peccaries in Brazil","volume":"17","author":"Grossel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bol. Mus. Para. Em\u00edlio Goeldi-Ci\u00eancias Nat."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-6.1.16","article-title":"Parasites of the Collared Peccary from Texas","volume":"6","author":"Samuel","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.09.031","article-title":"Blastocystis in domesticated and wild mammals and birds","volume":"135","author":"Hublin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rauff-Adedotun, A.A., Termizi, F.H.M., Shaari, N., and Lee, I.L. (2021). The Coexistence of Blastocystis spp. in Humans, Animals and Environmental Sources from 2010\u20132021 in Asia. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10100990"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050088","article-title":"Axenic culture of reptilian Blastocystis isolates in monophasic medium and speciation by karyotypic typing","volume":"82","author":"Singh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.018","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: An update","volume":"124","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811000860","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Sporadic Human Infections with Unusual Cryp-tosporidia Detected during Routine Typing in England and Wales, 2000\u20132008","volume":"140","author":"Elwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.05.007","article-title":"Eimeria genomics: Where are we now and where are we going?","volume":"212","author":"Blake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.08.007","article-title":"Are Eimeria Genetically Diverse, and Does It Matter?","volume":"33","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1984.tb05498.x","article-title":"Problems in the Identification of Species of Eimeria","volume":"31","author":"Long","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.03.005","article-title":"Divergent nuclear 18S rDNA paralogs in a turkey coccidium, Eimeria meleagrimitis, complicate molecular systematics and identification","volume":"43","author":"Ogedengbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/10\/874\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:11:42Z","timestamp":1760112702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/13\/10\/874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens13100874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13100874","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,6]]}}}