{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:29:28Z","timestamp":1768462168845,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TESAF1DOR-00414","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"TESAF1DOR-00414","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"TESAF1DOR-00414","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Padova","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Padova","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Padova","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT\/MCTES)","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, forests are constantly threatened by a plethora of disturbances of natural and anthropogenic origin, such as climate change, forest fires, urbanization, and pollution. Besides the most common stressors, during the last few years, Portuguese forests have been impacted by severe decline phenomena caused by invasive pathogens, many of which belong to the genus Phytophthora. The genus Phytophthora includes a large number of species that are invading forest ecosystems worldwide, chiefly as a consequence of global trade and human activities. This paper reports the results of a survey of Phytophthora diversity in natural and semi-natural forest ecosystems in Portugal along an elevation gradient. Isolations performed from 138 symptomatic plant tissues and rhizosphere samples collected from 26 plant species yielded a total of 19 Phytophthora species belonging to 6 phylogenetic clades, including P. cinnamomi (36 isolates), P. multivora (20), P. plurivora (9), P. cactorum (8), P. lacustris (8), P. pseudocryptogea (8), P. amnicola (6), P. hedraiandra (6), P. pseudosyringae (5), P. thermophila (5), P. bilorbang (4), P. inundata (4), P. asparagi (3), P. citricola (3), P. gonapodyides (3), P. rosacearum (3), P. chlamydospora (2), P. pachypleura (2), and P. syringae (1). Overall, the data obtained highlight the widespread occurrence of P. cinnamomi in natural ecosystems from sea level to mountain habitats. The results of the pathogenicity tests carried out on 2-year-old chestnut plants confirmed the key role of P. cinnamomi in the recrudescence of chestnut ink disease and the additional risk posed by P. pachypleura, P. plurivora, and P. multivora to Portuguese chestnut forests. Finally, three species, P. citricola, P. hedraiandra, and P. pachypleura, are reported for the first time in the natural ecosystems of Portugal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T07:47:37Z","timestamp":1737359257000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diversity and Distribution of Phytophthora Species Along an Elevation Gradient in Natural and Semi-Natural Forest Ecosystems in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1353-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Bregant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6069-0144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6463-9757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Hil\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre\/Inov4Agro, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings (DGAOT), Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Rua da Agr\u00e1ria 747, 4485-646 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2428-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetto Teodoro","family":"Linaldeddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0117-2958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunes, L.J., Meireles, C.I., Pinto Gomes, C.J., and Almeida Ribeiro, N.M. 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