{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:08:12Z","timestamp":1760058492024,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"National Funds through FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia, Portugal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05183","ALT20-03-0246-FEDER-000055\u2014EQUI MAIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183","ALT20-03-0246-FEDER-000055\u2014EQUI MAIS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER 2020","award":["UIDB\/05183","ALT20-03-0246-FEDER-000055\u2014EQUI MAIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05183","ALT20-03-0246-FEDER-000055\u2014EQUI MAIS"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uterine health is paramount to fertility in broodmares and for the success of a breeding project, and the Lusitano breed is no exception. This study aimed to characterize the mare uterine microbiota using practical clinical evaluation methods. Mares were examined by transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, followed by the collection of samples by one of three different techniques: uterine lavage, biopsy, or swab. The results of cytology, histology, microbiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were recorded, and statistical analyses were performed. Inflammation was present in 42.2% of the mares and positive culture in 65.4%. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus spp. were the most isolated microorganisms. The most efficient antimicrobials were gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and enrofloxacin and resistance was detected mainly for doxycycline, penicillin, and ceftiofur. The phase of the cycle was significantly associated with the presence of inflammation (p = 0.0308). The isolation of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria correlated to the microbiological isolation by primoculture\/enrichment processes (p = 0.0183). This was a routine standard breeding evaluation of broodmares in the management of a stud farm, hence displaying the characteristics of a field study. The antimicrobial resistance findings reinforce the importance of performing microbiology and susceptibility tests, even under field conditions, to maximize targeted antimicrobial therapy efficiency and minimize the worldwide problem of antimicrobial resistance, promoting antimicrobial stewardship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T11:24:39Z","timestamp":1744025079000},"page":"357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristics of the Mare-Uterine-Culture-Based Bacterial Composition Using Practical Clinical Evaluation Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas B.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade Cl\u00ednica de Alter, Hospital Veterin\u00e1rio da Universidade de \u00c9vora, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7440 Alter do Ch\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2987-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3900-5592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Laranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3117-341X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Queiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Bettencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de \u00c9vora, P\u00f3lo da Mitra, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade Cl\u00ednica de Alter, Hospital Veterin\u00e1rio da Universidade de \u00c9vora, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7440 Alter do Ch\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Escola de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade de \u00c9vora, 7000 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.10.012","article-title":"Comparison of Clinical Signs, Endometrial Culture, Endometrial Cytology, Uterine Low Volume Lavage, and Uterine Biopsy, and Combinations in the Diagnosis of Equine Endometritis","volume":"44","author":"Gartley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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