{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T09:51:41Z","timestamp":1777974701768,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, with (fluoro)quinolones emerging as one of the most impactful classes of antibacterial agents. Since their introduction, four generations of (fluoro)quinolones have been developed, demonstrating a broad spectrum of activity, favourable pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy. However, the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens has posed significant challenges to their continued effectiveness, particularly in healthcare settings. Among the main resistant species, Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp. (E. faecium and E. faecalis), Campylobacter spp., and Acinetobacter baumannii are the most important. This critical literature review provides an updated perspective on (fluoro)quinolones (old and new), encompassing their spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of resistance, and the role of antimicrobial stewardship in preserving their utility, to address the growing threat of resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:26:50Z","timestamp":1748204810000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Rise, Fall, and Rethink of (Fluoro)quinolones: A Quick Rundown"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8633-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia Fortuna","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014CESPU (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5960-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences\u2014CESPU (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113741","article-title":"The Antibacterial Activity of Fluoroquinolone Derivatives: An Update (2018\u20132021)","volume":"224","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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