{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:37:50Z","timestamp":1760060270770,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ALiCE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LEPABE","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PIDDAC","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology)","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CBMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Associate Laboratory ARNET","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems","award":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0045\/2020","UIDB\/00511\/2020","UIDB\/04050\/2020","UIDB\/04469\/2020","LA\/P\/0069\/2020","LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Propolis, also known as bee glue, is a natural resinous mixture produced by Western honeybees and has long been recognized for its potential therapeutic properties. Recent research has focused on its diverse bioactivities, particularly its antimicrobial effects against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including human but also animal pathogens. However, further investigation is required to fully elucidate the pharmacological properties and potential toxicity of propolis to support its broader application. This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy and safety of an ethanol extract of Portuguese propolis collected from the Ger\u00eas region (G23.EE). The antimicrobial activity was assessed in vitro against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria associated with infections in companion animals, using the agar dilution method. To evaluate potential toxicity, the extract was administered via injection and topical application in an in vivo Galleria mellonella larval model, with health parameters monitored over a 96 hours period. The in vitro results showed that G23.EE was more effective against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus spp. (e.g., S. felis, S. hominis, S. simulans, and S. pseudintermedius; MIC = 0.5 mg\/mL) and Enterococcus faecium (MIC = 1.5 mg\/mL), than against Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca (MIC &gt; 8.0 mg\/mL). No significant adverse effects were observed in G. mellonella larvae following injection or brushing with propolis extract concentrations up to 8.0 mg\/mL. Overall, these findings suggest that Portuguese propolis from G\u00eares is a promising, safe, and effective natural antimicrobial agent for targeting Gram-positive bacterial infections in companion animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14080826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T08:02:44Z","timestamp":1755763364000},"page":"826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Investigation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Ger\u00eas Propolis in Bacteria Isolated from Companion Animals and Safety Profile Characterization Using the Galleria mellonella Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5568-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soraia C. V.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3221-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9175-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0175-1119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS\u2014Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9830-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INIAV\u2014National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8223-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Almeida-Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"CBMA\u2014Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prescott, J.F., Rycroft, A.N., Boyce, J.D., MacInnes, J.I., Van Immerseel, F., and V\u00e1zquez-Boland, J.A. 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