{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T02:39:39Z","timestamp":1775183979832,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vigil\u00e2ncia epidemiol\u00f3gica de resist\u00eancias antimi-crobianas e res\u00edduos medicamentosos em Pequenos ruminantes da Regi\u00e3o Centro","award":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRR-C05-i03-I-000190"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Science and Technology Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020 e LA-REAL\u2014LA\/P\/0117\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/04413\/2020 e LA-REAL\u2014LA\/P\/0117\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Science and Technology Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CERNAS UIDB\/00681\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CERNAS UIDB\/00681\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zoonotic bacteria, namely Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus, are commonly implicated in human infections and can be transmitted from animals to humans through direct contact, the environment or the food chain. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in these zoonotic bacteria, namely extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing strains of E. coli and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), has become a public health concern worldwide. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and ESBL-producing strains of E. coli, as well as nasal carriage of MRSA, and to identify risk factors associated with the presence of these zoonotic bacteria in small ruminants from Portugal\u2019s Central Region. A total of 732 animals, of which 432 sheep and 300 goats from 122 farms were sampled. Zoonotic enteric bacteria were isolated from individual fecal samples, while MRSA were isolated from pooled nasal swabs collected from each farm. Bacteria were isolated according to standard microbiological methods. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. at the animal level was 15.6% and 8.3%, respectively, with significantly higher prevalence in sheep (19.0% and 12.7%) compared to goat (10.7% and 2.0%). Presumptive ESBL-producing strains of E. coli was isolated from 5.2% of the animals. Presumptive MRSA was isolated from 5.7% of the farms. A cluster analysis was performed to identify farm clusters with similar characteristics based on the isolation of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., presumptive ESBL-producing E. coli, and presumptive MRSA. Farms were grouped into three clusters: \u201cResistant\u201d, \u201cCampylobacter\u201d and \u201cSalmonella\u201d. The likelihood of farms belonging to \u201cCampylobacter\u201d and \u201cSalmonella\u201d clusters in comparison to \u201cResistant\u201d cluster was associated with animal species, farm location, and farmer\u2019 practices regarding antibiotic use. This study reinforces the role of small ruminants as asymptomatic reservoirs of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., E. coli and S. aureus and confirms, for the first time, their role as carriers of presumptive antibiotic-resistant zoonotic bacteria in Portugal\u2019s Central Region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:47:36Z","timestamp":1761266856000},"page":"1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cross-Sectional Study on Zoonotic Bacteria Carriage by Small Ruminants from Portugal\u2019s Central Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Aires","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Lameira","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agr\u00e1ria de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"},{"name":"CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Campus Polit\u00e9cnico, Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-3268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, National Reference Laboratory of Animal Health, INIAV\u2014National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8769-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Mesquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Elizabete","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Australian Laboratory Services (ALS), Zona Industrial de Tondela, ZIM II Lote 2 e Lote 6, 3460-070 Tondela, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3010-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Braguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Tecnologia e Gest\u00e3o, Av. 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