{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T15:55:58Z","timestamp":1765554958199,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WildDriver grant CGL2017-89866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WildDriver grant CGL2017-89866"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/116596\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/116596\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Animal tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-host zoonotic disease whose prevalence in cattle herds in Europe has been increasing, despite a huge investment in eradication. The composition of the host community is a fundamental driver of pathogen transmission, and yet this has not been formally quantified for animal TB in Europe. We quantified multi-host communities of animal TB, using stochastic models to estimate the number of infected domestic and wild hosts in three regions: officially TB-free Central\u2013Western Europe, and two largely TB-endemic regions, the Iberian Peninsula and Britain and Ireland. We show that the estimated number of infected animals in the three regions was 290,059\u20131,605,612 and the numbers of infected non-bovine domestic and wild hosts always exceeded those of infected cattle, with ratios ranging from 3.3 (1.3\u201319.6):1 in Britain and Ireland to 84.3 (20.5\u2013864):1 in the Iberian Peninsula. Our results illustrate for the first time the extent to which animal TB systems in some regions of Europe are dominated by non-bovine domestic and wild species. These findings highlight the need to adapt current strategies for effective future control of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T10:02:45Z","timestamp":1590660165000},"page":"421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Quantification of the Animal Tuberculosis Multi-Host Community Offers Insights for Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBio, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus of Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Richomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4388-5366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Telmo","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIISA, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC (UCLM &amp; CSIC), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4797-0939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBio, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus of Vair\u00e3o, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal"},{"name":"Dep. Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MO 59812, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"de la Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC (UCLM &amp; CSIC), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"},{"name":"Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Correia-Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICVS, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6705-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda-Laura","family":"Boschiroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES Laboratory for Animal Health, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, University Paris-Est, 94000 Maisons-Alfort, France"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Delahay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Gloucestershire GL10 3UJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gort\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC (UCLM &amp; CSIC), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2011.00191.x","article-title":"The status of tuberculosis in European wild mammals","volume":"42","author":"Delahay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mammal Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160091","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0091","article-title":"Who acquires infection from whom and how? 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