{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:52:07Z","timestamp":1773791527055,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cC\u00e1tedra de Medicina da Dor\u201d from Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Grunenthal"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) are important tools to address mental health issues in children and adolescents. However, previous studies provided variable results that suggest that the effectiveness of those third-wave Cognitive Behavioral Therapies remains uncertain. Objectives: The main objective is to assess the impact of MBIs on anxiety, depression, and stress in children and adolescents. The secondary objective is to examine the modalities of MBIs used, the duration of interventions, and potential confounding factors, such as age. Methods: A comprehensive search of multiple databases was conducted to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of MBIs on mental health outcomes in children and adolescents. The research was registered in PROSPERO, adhered to PRISMA guidelines, employed the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, and calculated the effect sizes using mean differences. Results: Thirteen RCTs were included; ten were identified as having some concerns, while three were classified as having a low risk of bias. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) demonstrated a small positive effect on depression and anxiety, while non-specific MBIs showed a moderate positive effect both on depression and anxiety. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) was effective in reducing anxiety, depression (moderate positive effects on both), and stress symptoms. In one study, no significant improvements were seen on both anxiety and depression (for MBCT) and in another study on anxiety (for MBCT\/MBSR). The meta-analysis did not identify a significant effect of mindfulness interventions on depression or anxiety. The high heterogeneity suggests varying outcomes, requiring further study of moderating factors. Conclusions: While some studies suggest benefits from MBIs, mainly MBCT\u2019s ability to improve mental health outcomes in children and adolescents, their overall efficacy remains uncertain due to the high heterogeneity. The findings underscore the importance of considering the intervention type, duration, and moderating factors, such as age, when implementing MBIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric17030059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T12:22:17Z","timestamp":1747225337000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mindfulness in Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3434-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Daniel","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Rheumatology Service, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Alto Minho, Hospital Conde de Bertiandos, 4990-078 Ponte de Lima, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2119-4479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Humberto","family":"Pozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health and IBMC (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5623-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Tiago","family":"Costa-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health and IBMC (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5696-1239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaura","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research and Innovation in Health and IBMC (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kabat-Zinn, J. 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