{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:39:47Z","timestamp":1760240387349,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/MAR-BIO\/4694\/2014 (reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016790)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MAR-BIO\/4694\/2014 (reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016790)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Xanthones have been suggested as prospective candidates for cancer treatment. 1,2- dihydroxyxanthone (1,2-DHX) is known to interfere with the growth of several cancer cell lines. We investigated the effects of 1,2-DHX on the growth of the A375-C5 melanoma cell line and THP-1 human macrophage activity. 1,2-DHX showed a moderate growth inhibition of A375-C5 melanoma cells (concentration that causes a 50% inhibition of cell growth (GI50) = 55.0 \u00b1 2.3 \u00b5M), but strongly interfered with THP-1 human macrophage activity. Supernatants from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 macrophage cultures exposed to 1,2-DHX significantly increased growth inhibition of A375-C5 cells, when compared to supernatants from untreated LPS-stimulated macrophages or to direct treatment with 1,2-DHX only. 1,2-DHX decreased THP-1 secretion of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), but stimulated tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) production. This xanthone also inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production by RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, possibly through inhibition of inducible NO synthase production. In conclusion, these findings suggest a potential impact of 1,2-DHX in melanoma treatment, not only due to a direct effect on cancer cells but also by modulation of macrophage activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12020085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T09:37:58Z","timestamp":1559727478000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["1,2-Dihydroxyxanthone: Effect on A375-C5 Melanoma Cell Growth Associated with Interference with THP-1 Human Macrophage Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Viviana","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"Cerqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Center, Fernando Pessoa University, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Nair","family":"Nazareth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV\/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-8373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Center, Fernando Pessoa University, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology GRP - IC, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LPCC, Research Department - Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPPC - NRN), Estrada Interior da Circunvala\u00e7\u00e3o, 6657, 4200-172 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5137-8474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lia","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Center, Fernando Pessoa University, Pra\u00e7a 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5397-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Em\u00edlia","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4676-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madalena","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2003.015800","article-title":"Genetic pathways to melanoma tumorigenesis","volume":"57","author":"Hussein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1312043","article-title":"Pro-tumor activities of macrophages in the progression of melanoma","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. 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