{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:00:57Z","timestamp":1777777257281,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/AMB\/50017\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020 & UIDP\/50011\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020 & UIDP\/50011\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF\/00335(2015)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00335(2015)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. After diagnosis, cancer treatment may involve radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Several of the approaches used to treat cancer also attack normal cells and, thus, there is the need for more effective treatments that decrease the toxicity to normal cells and increase the success rates of treatment. The use of beta-blockers in cancer has been studied for their antagonist action on the adrenergic system through inhibition of beta-adrenergic receptors. Besides regulating processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, and airway strength or reactivity, beta-blockers block mechanisms that trigger tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. This study presents a literature review of the available studies addressing cancer treatments and beta-blockers. Overall, data suggest that propranolol may be used as a complement for the treatment of several types of cancer due to its ability to improve cancer outcomes by decreasing cancer cell proliferation rates. Nonetheless, additional in vitro studies should be performed to fully understand the protective role of BBs in cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13060105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T05:35:52Z","timestamp":1590557752000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Beta-Blockers and Cancer: Where Are We?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria de Lourdes","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICECO\u2013Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Cancer statistics 2019","volume":"69","author":"Siegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, March 04). International Agency for Cancer Research\u2014Global Cancer Observatory 2018. Available online: http:\/\/gco.iarc.fr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, C., Pataky, R., Bremner, K.E., Rangrej, J., Chan, K.K.W., Cheung, W.Y., Hoch, J.S., Peacock, S., and Krahn, M.D. (2016). Phase-specific and lifetime costs of cancer care in Ontario, Canada. BMC Cancer, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2835-7"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, March 04). International Agency for Cancer Research 2018. Available online: www.iarc.fr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39185.440382.47","article-title":"Beta blockers in hypertension and cardiovascular disease","volume":"334","author":"Ong","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00846-1","article-title":"Mechanism of action of beta-blocking agents in heart failure","volume":"80","author":"Bristow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.101579","article-title":"Beta-blocker use and mortality following ovarian cancer diagnosis: A population-based study","volume":"62","author":"Couttenier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.01.039","article-title":"Misconceptions and Facts About Beta-Blockers","volume":"132","author":"Argulian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002334","article-title":"Reduction of blood pressure variability: An additional protective cardiovascular effect of vasodilating beta-blockers?","volume":"38","author":"Ferri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501677","article-title":"Propranolol Attenuates Surgical Stress-Induced Elevation of the Regulatory T Cell Response in Patients Undergoing Radical Mastectomy","volume":"196","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2019.02.023","article-title":"Beta-blockers: Historical perspective and mechanisms of action","volume":"72","author":"Oliver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"319","article-title":"Vascular adrenoreceptors: An update","volume":"53","author":"Guimaraes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00904","article-title":"New Insights in Cardiac \u03b2-Adrenergic Signaling During Heart Failure and Aging","volume":"9","author":"Eguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.311403","article-title":"G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Heart Disease","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/415206a","article-title":"Seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors and heart function","volume":"415","author":"Rockman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Azevedo, C. (2012). Biologia Molecular e Celular, LIDEL. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Blaschko, H., and Muscholl, E. (1972). The Classification of Adrenoceptors (Adrenergic Receptors). An Evaluation from the Standpoint of Receptor Theory. Catecholamines, Springer."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/214597a0","article-title":"Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines","volume":"214","author":"Lands","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2570461","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the human beta-3-adrenergic receptor","volume":"245","author":"Emorine","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.06.025","article-title":"Fifty years of beta-adrenergic blockade: A golden era in clinical medicine and molecular pharmacology","volume":"121","author":"Frishman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2174\/1573402114666180918102735","article-title":"Three generations of beta-blockers: History, class differences and clinical applicability","volume":"15","author":"Ceron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.11.036","article-title":"Lack of evidence that nebivolol is a \u03b23-adrenoceptor agonist","volume":"654","author":"Frazier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5922.2008.00054.x","article-title":"Nebivolol: A Highly Selective \u03b2-1-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker That Causes Vasodilation by Increasing Nitric Oxide","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.01.003","article-title":"Pharmacology of carvedilol","volume":"93","author":"Dulin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12513.x","article-title":"The \u03b1- and \u03b2-adrenoceptor blocking activities of labetalol and its RR-SR (50:50) stereoisomers","volume":"104","author":"Riva","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104587","article-title":"Beta-blockers: Their New Life from Hypertension to Cancer and Migraine","volume":"151","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, J.M., Kerswill, S.A., Parameswaran, H., Cole, S.W., Logan, B.R., D\u2019Souza, A., Shah, N.N., Horowitz, M.M., Stolley, M.R., and Sloan, E.K. (2018). Repurposing Existing Medications as Cancer Therapy: Design and Feasibility of a Randomized Pilot Investigating Propranolol Administration in Patients Receiving Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4509-0"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2007.06492.x","article-title":"Patient and provider perceptions of hypertension treatment: Do they agree?","volume":"9","author":"Kaboli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_36","article-title":"The Role of Beta-Blockers in the Treatment of Hypertension","volume":"956","author":"Cruickshank","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy811","article-title":"Beta-blockers, calcuim antagonists, and mortality in stable coronary heart disease: An international cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Sorbets","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4801","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4801","article-title":"\u03b2 blockers and mortality after myocardial infarction in patients without heart failure: Multicentre prospective cohort study","volume":"354","author":"Puymirat","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09259","article-title":"Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus on \u03b2-Blockers","volume":"70","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.10.005","article-title":"Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers in Hypertension: Alive and Well","volume":"59","author":"Frishman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeffer, C.M., and Singh, A.T.K. (2018). Apoptosis: A Target for Anticancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020448"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.04.006","article-title":"Beta blockade as adjunctive breast cancer therapy: A review","volume":"138","author":"Phadke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.03.034","article-title":"A comprehensive review of topoisomerase inhibitors as anticancer agents in the past decade","volume":"171","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2012). LiverTox: Clinical an Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0672","article-title":"Adjuvant Anthracyclines in Breast Cancer: What Is Their Role?","volume":"23","author":"Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6093249","article-title":"Adriamycin-induced DNA damage mediated by mammalian DNA topoisomerase II","volume":"226","author":"Tewey","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2016-0036","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of anthracyclines","volume":"17","author":"Kutszegi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-312103","article-title":"Anthracycline cardiotoxicity: An update on mechanisms, monitoring and prevention","volume":"104","author":"Henriksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinello, J., Delcuratolo, M., and Capranico, G. (2018). Anthracyclines as Topoisomerase II Poisons: From Early Studies to New Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113480"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.011","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of drug or device effects on ventricular remodeling as predictors of therapeutic effects on mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: A meta-analytic approach","volume":"56","author":"Kramer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eup300","article-title":"Introducing a new entity: Chemotherapy-induced arrhythmia","volume":"11","author":"Guglin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70409-7","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiomyopathy surveillance for survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the international late effects of childhood cancer guideline harmonization group","volume":"16","author":"Armenian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.07.025","article-title":"Cisplatin in cancer therapy: Molecular mechanisms of action","volume":"740","author":"Dasari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.01.001","article-title":"Cisplatin resistance and opportunities for precision medicine","volume":"106","author":"Amable","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2016.11.011","article-title":"Les 50 ans du cisplatine","volume":"104","author":"Rancoule","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.05.063","article-title":"Cisplatin induced arrhythmia; electrolyte imbalance or disturbance of the SA node?","volume":"811","author":"Oun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0319","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Strategies to Prevent Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity","volume":"22","author":"Crona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.111079","article-title":"Overview of cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity and ototoxicity, and the protective agents","volume":"136","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8113","DOI":"10.1039\/c0dt00292e","article-title":"The status of platinum anticancer drugs in the clinic and in clinical trials","volume":"39","author":"Wheate","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dalt. Trans."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.04.238","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity: Cisplatin and long-term cancer survivors","volume":"175","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-016-0801-5","article-title":"Cancer treatment-related cardiac toxicity: Prevention, assessment and management","volume":"33","author":"Fanous","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-87-3-346","article-title":"Supraventricular Tachycardia: Mechanisms and Management","volume":"87","author":"Josephson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TX00082J","article-title":"The ex vivo neurotoxic, myotoxic and cardiotoxic activity of cucurbituril-based macrocyclic drug delivery vehicles","volume":"3","author":"Oun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13450","article-title":"Immunotherapy of cancer: From monoclonal to oligoclonal cocktails of anti-cancer antibodies: IUPHAR Review 18","volume":"173","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.06.005","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity and Cardiac Monitoring Among Chemotherapy-Treated Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"11","author":"Henry","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-91-5-710","article-title":"Risk factors for doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure","volume":"91","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1600303","article-title":"Use of liposomal doxorubicin for adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer in clinical practice","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdh097","article-title":"Reduced cardiotoxicity and comparable efficacy in a phase III trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin HCl versus conventional doxorubicin for first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_166.x","article-title":"Activity of d,1-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) against cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin and doxorubicin with cyclophosphamide in mice","volume":"97","author":"Bjelogrlic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.37.353","article-title":"Cardioprotection in patients undergoing chemo- and\/or radiotherapy for neoplastic disease. A pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Wagdi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jpn. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-0641","article-title":"Molecular Pathways: Beta-Adrenergic Signaling in Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Cole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000455143","article-title":"Is beta-blocker use beneficial in breast cancer? A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.41.479.526","article-title":"Clinical experiences with propranolol","volume":"41","author":"Besterman","year":"1965","journal-title":"Postgr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selamat, M.H., Loh, S.Y., Mackenzie, L., and Vardy, J. (2014). Chemobrain experienced by breast cancer survivors: A meta-ethnography study investigating research and care implications. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108002"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3747\/co.25.3735","article-title":"Aromatase inhibitors in premenopausal women with breast cancer: The state of the art and future prospects","volume":"25","author":"Pistelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"62","article-title":"Cognitive changes after adjuvant treatment in older adults with early-stage breast cancer","volume":"570","author":"Lange","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.709","article-title":"Does hormone therapy for the treatment of breast cancer have a detrimental effect on memory and cognition? A pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Jenkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psycho. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2019.01.004","article-title":"Cancer treatment effects on cognition and depression: The moderating role of physical activity","volume":"44","author":"Bedillion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"2645","article-title":"Beta-blocker use is associated with improved relapse-free survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"19","author":"Lei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.197","article-title":"Beta-blocker drug therapy reduces secondary cancer formation in breast cancer and improves cancer specific survival","volume":"1","author":"Powe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"2953","article-title":"Metastasis risk reduction related with beta-blocker treatment in Mexican women with breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Bandala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4710","article-title":"Inhibition of \u03b22-adrenergic receptor reduces triple-negative breast cancer brain metastases: The potential benefit of perioperative \u03b2-blockade","volume":"35","author":"Choy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2017.10.010","article-title":"Effect of prophylactic beta-blocker or ACE inhibitor on cardiac dysfunction & heart failure during anthracycline chemotherapy \u00b1 trastuzumab","volume":"37","author":"Gujral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2019.02.003","article-title":"The beta adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol alters mitogenic and apoptotic signaling in late stage breast cancer","volume":"42","author":"Montoya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002661","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002661","article-title":"Cancer Therapy\u2013Related Cardiac Dysfunction and Heart Failure","volume":"9","author":"Bloom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.049","article-title":"Carvedilol for Prevention of Chemotherapy-Related Cardiotoxicity: The CECCY Trial","volume":"71","author":"Avila","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6446","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14119","article-title":"Use of non-selective \u03b2-blockers is associated with decreased tumor proliferative indices in early stage breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Montoya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000854","article-title":"Trends in relative survival for ovarian cancer from 1975 to 2011","volume":"125","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-85","article-title":"Use of \ua7b5-blockers and mortality following ovarian cancer diagnosis: A population-based cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Johannesdottir","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2012.07.059","article-title":"Beta blocker use and ovarian cancer survival: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"127","author":"Eskander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2014.10.001","article-title":"Addressing the challenges of pancreatic cancer: Future directions for improving outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"825","article-title":"Norepinephrine-induced invasion by pancreatic cancer cells is inhibited by propranolol","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.02.019","article-title":"Chronic stress accelerates pancreatic cancer growth and invasion: A critical role for beta-adrenergic signaling in the pancreatic microenvironment","volume":"40","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e318184f50c","article-title":"Inhibition of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by propranolol occurs through apoptosis induction: The study of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist\u2019s anticancer effect in pancreatic cancer cell","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/22.3.473","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic growth regulation of human cancer cell lines derived from pancreatic ductal carcinomas","volume":"22","author":"Weddle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-10-146","article-title":"Beta2-adrenoreceptor blockage induces G1\/S phase arrest and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells via Ras\/Akt\/NFkappaB pathway","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"584","article-title":"Beta-adrenoreceptor action on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth in mice","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0108","article-title":"Beta-Blocker Drug Use and Survival among Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","volume":"77","author":"Udumyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"14","article-title":"Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects","volume":"13","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2006.06.005","article-title":"Translocator protein (18kDa): New nomenclature for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor based on its structure and molecular function","volume":"27","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2005.11.002","article-title":"The peripheral GABAergic system as a target in endocrine disorders","volume":"124","author":"Gladkevich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci. -Basic"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"115","article-title":"Cancer statistics in China","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21907","article-title":"Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis","volume":"46","author":"Sanyal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"5213","article-title":"Propranolol suppresses the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of liver cancer cells","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2018.06.005","article-title":"Smart nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy and toxicity studies: A review","volume":"15","author":"Hossen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7291","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S146315","article-title":"Effective use of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems for the treatment of selected tumors","volume":"12","author":"Din","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/13\/6\/105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:32:46Z","timestamp":1760175166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/13\/6\/105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ph13060105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph13060105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]}}}