{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T03:51:50Z","timestamp":1774669910599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high incidence of fungal infections has become a worrisome public health issue, having been aggravated by an increase in host predisposition factors. Despite all the drugs available on the market to treat these diseases, their efficiency is questionable, and their side effects cannot be neglected. Bearing that in mind, it is of upmost importance to synthetize new and innovative carriers for these medicines not only to fight emerging fungal infections but also to avert the increase in drug-resistant strains. Although it has revealed to be a difficult job, new nano-based drug delivery systems and even new cellular targets and compounds with antifungal potential are now being investigated. This article will provide a summary of the state-of-the-art strategies that have been studied in order to improve antifungal therapy and reduce adverse effects of conventional drugs. The bidirectional relationship between Mycology and Nanotechnology will be also explained. Furthermore, the article will focus on new compounds from the marine environment which have a proven antifungal potential and may act as platforms to discover drug-like characteristics, highlighting the challenges of the translation of these natural compounds into the clinical pipeline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13090248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T10:24:09Z","timestamp":1600165449000},"page":"248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Current Insights on Antifungal Therapy: Novel Nanotechnology Approaches for Drug Delivery Systems and New Drugs from Natural Sources"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5596-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Domingos","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0736-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salette","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n\u00ba 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rai, M., Ingle, A.P., Pandit, R., Paralikar, P., Gupta, I., Anasane, N., and Dolenc-Volj\u010d, M. (2017). Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Fungal Infections on Human Skin. The Microbiology of Skin, Soft Tissue, Bone and Joint Infections, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811079-9.00019-7"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pianalto, K.M., and Alspaugh, J.A. (2016). New Horizons in Antifungal Therapy. J. Fungi, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof2040026"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1257457","article-title":"New facets of antifungal therapy","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.009","article-title":"Current antifungal drugs and immunotherapeutic approaches as promising strategies to treatment of fungal diseases","volume":"110","author":"Nami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00336","article-title":"Antifungal Therapy for Systemic Mycosis and the Nanobiotechnology Era: Improving Efficacy, Biodistribution and Toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00036","article-title":"Antifungal Therapy: New Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Mycosis","volume":"8","author":"Scorzoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"6","article-title":"Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Antifungal Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Sadanandan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.2016.1155554","article-title":"Is there an emerging need for new antifungals?","volume":"21","author":"Perfect","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Emerg Drugs"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2","article-title":"A Review of Kinetics of Nanoparticulated Delayed Release Formulations","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review on Nanoparticles: Their Synthesis and Types","volume":"4","author":"Hasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. J. Recent Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"16","article-title":"Different Techniques for Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Nagavarma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.11.048","article-title":"Liposomes encapsulating native and cyclodextrin enclosed Paclitaxel: Enhanced loading efficiency and its pharmacokinetic evaluation","volume":"536","author":"Bhatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2014.08.046","article-title":"Controlled drug release from pharmaceutical nanocarriers","volume":"125","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"12","article-title":"A Review of In Vitro Drug Release Test Methods for Nano-Sized Dosage Forms","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.10.049","article-title":"Nanoparticles and nanofibers for topical drug delivery","volume":"240","author":"Goyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.15272\/ajbps.v5i47.718","article-title":"Polymeric Nanoparticles Based Topical Drug Delivery: An Overview","volume":"5","author":"Rangari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Society, C.R. (2012). Chapter 2\u2014Overview of Controlled Release Mechanisms. Fundamentals and Applications of Controlled Release Drug Delivery, Advances in Delivery Science and Technology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Miconazole Niosomes","volume":"3","author":"Firthouse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmtech Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S100625","article-title":"Miconazole-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Formulation and evaluation of a novel formula with high bioavailability and antifungal activity","volume":"11","author":"Aljaeid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-009-9199-0","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery","volume":"10","author":"Bhalekar","year":"2009","journal-title":"AAPS Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"30","article-title":"Microemulsion Formulation for Topical Delivery of Miconazole Nitrate","volume":"24","author":"Shahzadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-012-9783-6","article-title":"Propylene glycol liposomes as a topical delivery system for miconazole nitrate: Comparison with conventional liposomes","volume":"13","author":"Elmoslemany","year":"2012","journal-title":"AAPS Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22056","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion and cream","volume":"11","author":"Maha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"410","article-title":"Design and characterization of miconazole nitrate loaded nanosponges containing vaginal gels","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Anal. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qushawy, M., Nasr, A., Abd-Alhaseeb, M., and Swidan, S. (2018). Design, Optimization and Characterization of a Transfersomal Gel Using Miconazole Nitrate for the Treatment of Candida Skin Infections. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10010026"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.02.012","article-title":"Percutaneous delivery of econazole using microemulsion as vehicle: Formulation, evaluation and vesicle-skin interaction","volume":"465","author":"Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2385","article-title":"Development and evaluation of microemulsion based gel (MBGs) containing econazole nitrate for nail fungal infection","volume":"5","author":"Evelyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.59.8.0002","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as carriers for the topical delivery of econazole nitrate: In-vitro characterization, ex-vivo and in-vivo studies","volume":"59","author":"Sanna","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2012.659256","article-title":"Development of thermodynamically stable nanostructured lipid carrier system using central composite design for zero order permeation of econazole nitrate through epidermis","volume":"18","author":"Keshri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"241","article-title":"Topical econazole delivery using liposomal gel","volume":"13","author":"Xianrong","year":"2003","journal-title":"S.T.P. Pharma Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2011.07.004","article-title":"Nanosized ethanolic vesicles loaded with econazole nitrate for the treatment of deep fungal infections through topical gel formulation","volume":"8","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738506666180813122102","article-title":"Transethosomes of Econazole Nitrate for Transdermal Delivery: Development, In-vitro Characterization, and Ex-vivo Assessment","volume":"6","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"25","article-title":"Evaluation of the Kinetics and Mechanism of Drug Release from Econazole nitrate Nanosponge Loaded Carbapol Hydrogel","volume":"45","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"315","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Econazole Niosomes","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sch. Acad. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.03.003","article-title":"Novel micelle formulations to increase cutaneous bioavailability of azole antifungals","volume":"153","author":"Bachhav","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(98)00156-4","article-title":"Positively and negatively charged submicron emulsions for enhanced topical delivery of antifungal drugs","volume":"58","author":"Korner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/02652040500162436","article-title":"SLN and NLC for topical delivery of ketoconazole","volume":"22","author":"Souto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.107002","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of Ketoconazole niosomal gel drug delivery system","volume":"2","author":"Shirsand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.07.007","article-title":"Enhanced antifungal activity of Ketoconazole using rose oil based novel microemulsion formulation","volume":"47","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.04.027","article-title":"Spanlastics\u2014A novel nanovesicular carrier system for ocular delivery","volume":"413","author":"Kakkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17044612","article-title":"Hydrogel of ketoconazole and PAMAM dendrimers: Formulation and antifungal activity","volume":"17","author":"Winnicka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1049\/mnl.2014.0198","article-title":"Development of liposome-encapsulated ketoconazole: Formulation, characterisation and evaluation of pharmacological therapeutic efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Ashe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Micro. Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-54315","article-title":"Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of liposomal\/niosomal gel delivery systems for clotrimazole","volume":"31","author":"Ning","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"362","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Antifungal Nanosponge Loaded Hydrogel for Topical Delivery","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"344","article-title":"Cavamax W7 Composite Ethosomal Gel of Clotrimazole for Improved Topical Delivery: Development and Comparison with Ethosomal Gel","volume":"13","author":"Akhtar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Assoc. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"32","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Clotrimazole Niosomal Gel for Topical Application","volume":"5","author":"Shirsand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rajiv Gandhi Univ. Health Sci. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.9734\/BJPR\/2014\/8495","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Optimized Clotrimazole Emulgel Formulations","volume":"4","author":"Yassin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.02.032","article-title":"Development of a controlled release formulation based on SLN and NLC for topical clotrimazole delivery","volume":"278","author":"Souto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12809","article-title":"Clotrimazole microemulsion and microemulsion-based gel: Evaluation of buccal drug delivery and irritancy using chick chorioallantoic membrane as the model","volume":"69","author":"Kaewbanjong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-009-9233-2","article-title":"Microemulsion-based vaginal gel of clotrimazole: Formulation, in vitro evaluation, and stability studies","volume":"10","author":"Bachhav","year":"2009","journal-title":"AAPS Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"161","article-title":"Ethosomes and ultradeformable liposomes for transdermal delivery of clotrimazole: A comparative assessment","volume":"20","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J. Spj. Off. Publ. Saudi Pharm. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.07.003","article-title":"Preparation and quality assessment of itraconazole transfersomes","volume":"436","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2014.882935","article-title":"Development and characterization of itraconazole-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery","volume":"20","author":"Mohanty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.07.040","article-title":"Development of an itraconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation for pulmonary application","volume":"419","author":"Pardeike","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"653465","article-title":"Itraconazole Niosomes Drug Delivery System and Its Antimycotic Activity against Candida albicans","volume":"2012","author":"Wagh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Isrn. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.79802","article-title":"Investigation of microemulsion system for transdermal delivery of itraconazole","volume":"2","author":"Chudasama","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-014-9837-2","article-title":"Antifungal activity of a liposomal itraconazole formulation in experimental Aspergillus flavus keratitis with endophthalmitis","volume":"179","author":"Leal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TB02453F","article-title":"Development of an itraconazole encapsulated polymeric nanoparticle platform for effective antifungal therapy","volume":"4","author":"Leal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.942811","article-title":"Enhanced corneal permeation and antimycotic activity of itraconazole against Candida albicans via a novel nanosystem vesicle","volume":"23","author":"ElMeshad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2007.11.006","article-title":"Increasing the oral bioavailability of the poorly water soluble drug itraconazole with ordered mesoporous silica","volume":"69","author":"Mellaerts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.08.021","article-title":"Microemulsion based vaginal gel of fluconazole: Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"365","author":"Bachhav","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhanced ocular bioavailability of fluconazole from niosomal gels and microemulsions: Formulation, optimization, and in vitro-in vivo evaluation","volume":"24","author":"Soliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2000.078004448.x","article-title":"Efficacy of fluconazole and liposome entrapped fluconazole for C. albicans induced experimental mycotic endophthalmitis in rabbit eyes","volume":"78","author":"Gupta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"78","article-title":"Fluconazole-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles topical gel for treatment of pityriasis versicolor: Formulation and clinical study","volume":"25","author":"Salem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.02.008","article-title":"Improved Yeast Delivery of Fluconazole with a Nanostructured Lipid Carrier System","volume":"89","author":"Kelidari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177705","article-title":"Fabrication, characterization, and evaluation of microsponge delivery system for facilitated fungal therapy","volume":"7","author":"Moin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"280","article-title":"Design, development and evaluation of ethosomal gel of fluconazole for topical fungal infection","volume":"1","author":"Indora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci. Invent. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2011.0176","article-title":"Development and evaluation of novel surfactant-based elastic vesicular system for ocular delivery of fluconazole","volume":"28","author":"Kaur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"125","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Fluconazole Amphiphilogel","volume":"3","author":"Lalit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Der. Pharm. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.02.007","article-title":"Preparation and optimization of voriconazole microemulsion for ocular delivery","volume":"117","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1983","article-title":"Voriconazole incorporated polymeric nanoparticles for ocular application","volume":"36","author":"Basaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00064","article-title":"Pulmonary Delivery of Voriconazole Loaded Nanoparticles Providing a Prolonged Drug Level in Lungs: A Promise for Treating Fungal Infection","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.176488","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of voriconazole ophthalmic solid lipid nanoparticles in situ gel","volume":"6","author":"Pandurangan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.12.004","article-title":"A novel vesicular carrier, transethosome, for enhanced skin delivery of voriconazole: Characterization and in vitro\/in vivo evaluation","volume":"92","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2016.1239636","article-title":"Enhanced skin deposition and delivery of voriconazole using ethosomal preparations","volume":"28","author":"Faisal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Liposome. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2015.1067892","article-title":"Terbinafine hydrochloride loaded liposome film formulation for treatment of onychomycosis: In vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"4409","article-title":"Development of terbinafine solid lipid nanoparticles as a topical delivery system","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05998-11","article-title":"Evaluation of the morphological effects of TDT 067 (terbinafine in Transfersome) and conventional terbinafine on dermatophyte hyphae in vitro and in vivo","volume":"56","author":"Ghannoum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-016-0528-9","article-title":"Terbinafine Hydrochloride Trans-ungual Delivery via Nanovesicular Systems: In Vitro Characterization and Ex Vivo Evaluation","volume":"18","author":"Elsherif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aaps Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-009-9299-x","article-title":"Enhanced topical delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride with chitosan hydrogels","volume":"10","author":"Ozcan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aaps Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S96243","article-title":"Colloidal nanocarriers for the enhanced cutaneous delivery of naftifine: Characterization studies and in vitro and in vivo evaluations","volume":"11","author":"Erdal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040802498864","article-title":"Development of naftifine hydrochloride alcohol-free niosome gel","volume":"35","author":"Barakat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-015-1573-z","article-title":"Microemulsion-loaded hydrogel formulation of butenafine hydrochloride for improved topical delivery","volume":"307","author":"Pillai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Derm. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(94)95956-0","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B, AmBisome","volume":"28","author":"Hay","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2018.1492606","article-title":"Amphotericin B-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs): Effect of drug loading and biopharmaceutical characterizations","volume":"44","author":"Jansook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.07.032","article-title":"Topical Amphotericin B solid lipid nanoparticles: Design and development","volume":"139","author":"Butani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saldanha, C.A., Garcia, M.P., Iocca, D.C., Rebelo, L.G., Souza, A.C., Bocca, A.L., Almeida Santos Mde, F., Morais, P.C., and Azevedo, R.B. (2016). Antifungal Activity of Amphotericin B Conjugated to Nanosized Magnetite in the Treatment of Paracoccidioidomycosis. PLoS Negl. Trop Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004754"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.06.021","article-title":"Amphotericin B releasing topical nanoemulsion for the treatment of candidiasis and aspergillosis","volume":"13","author":"Sosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.03.022","article-title":"Activity and in vivo tracking of Amphotericin B loaded PLGA nanoparticles","volume":"95","author":"Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2012.1414","article-title":"Evaluating the potential of polyester nanoparticles for per oral delivery of amphotericin B in treating visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Italia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"5403","article-title":"Enhanced antifungal effects of amphotericin B-TPGS-b-(PCL-ran-PGA) nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2010.05.005","article-title":"Development of amphotericin B loaded polymersomes based on (PEG)3-PLA co-polymers: Factors affecting size and in vitro evaluation","volume":"40","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.12.003","article-title":"Topical amphotericin B in ultradeformable liposomes: Formulation, skin penetration study, antifungal and antileishmanial activity in vitro","volume":"139","author":"Perez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.08.003","article-title":"Efficacy and toxicity evaluation of new amphotericin B micelle systems for brain fungal infections","volume":"494","author":"Molero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lykov, A., Gaidul, K., Goldina, I., Konenkov, V., Kozlov, V., Lyakhov, N., and Dushkin, A. (2017). Silica Nanoparticles as a Basis for Efficacy of Antimicrobial Drugs. Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-46152-8.00025-1"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"401","article-title":"Preparation and in vivo Assessment of Nystatin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Delivery against Cutaneous Candidiasis","volume":"8","author":"Khalil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2012.02202.x","article-title":"Evaluation of novel nystatin nanoemulsion for skin candidosis infections","volume":"56","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4808-4812.2004","article-title":"Liposomal nystatin in patients with invasive aspergillosis refractory to or intolerant of amphotericin B","volume":"48","author":"Offner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2011.587431","article-title":"Niosomes as a potential drug delivery system for increasing the efficacy and safety of nystatin","volume":"37","author":"Abdelbary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-009-9325-z","article-title":"Enhanced oral bioavailability of griseofulvin via niosomes","volume":"10","author":"Jadon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aaps Pharmscitech"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"12","article-title":"Formulaiton and characterization of drug loaded niosomes for antifungal activity","volume":"1","author":"Shirsand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sper. J. Adv. Nov. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"229","article-title":"Antifugal Agents: New Approach for Novel Delivery Systems","volume":"6","author":"Subramani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2014.02.005","article-title":"Overcoming antifungal resistance","volume":"11","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Technol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2013.07.011","article-title":"Nanotechnology as a therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance","volume":"65","author":"Pelgrift","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.20328","article-title":"The potential of nitric oxide releasing therapies as antimicrobial agents","volume":"3","author":"Schairer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.5.17035","article-title":"The growing role of nanotechnology in combating infectious disease","volume":"2","author":"Blecher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710790416290","article-title":"Development of Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Drug Delivery","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.01.052","article-title":"Anti-biofilm efficacy of nitric oxide-releasing silica nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Hetrick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.06.004","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of nanoparticles","volume":"30","author":"Hajipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Mashitah, M.D., Chan, Y.S., and Jason, J. (2016). Antifungal nanomaterials: Syntesis, properties and applications. Nanobiomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy, William Andrew."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mashitah, M.D., Chan, Y.S., and Jason, J. (2016). Antimicrobial properties of nanobiomaterials and the mechanism. Nanobiomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy, William Andrew.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-42864-4.00008-7"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-017-0308-z","article-title":"Metal nanoparticles: Understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity","volume":"15","author":"Slavin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"592","article-title":"Advances in Biogenic Nanoparticles and the Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Effects","volume":"80","author":"Qidway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.F., Liu, Z.G., Shen, W., and Gurunathan, S. (2016). Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, Applications, and Therapeutic Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091534"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.11.012","article-title":"Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles and simvastatin against toxigenic species of Aspergillus","volume":"291","author":"Bocate","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvo, N.L., Sreekumar, S., Svetaz, L.A., Lamas, M.C., Moerschbacher, B.M., and Leonardi, D. (2019). Design and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoformulations for the Delivery of Antifungal Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153686"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kucharska, M.S., Sikora, M., Brzoza-Malczewska, K., and Owczarek, M. (2020). Antimicrobial Properties of Chitin and Chitosan. Chitin and Chitosan: Properties and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119450467.ch7"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11209","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b03210","article-title":"Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle as a Novel Class of Antifungal Agents: Current Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"66","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"457","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antifungal potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles in comparison to conventional zinc oxide particles","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"York, C.I.N. (2009). Myconanotechnology: A New and Emerging Science. Applied Mycology, CABI. [14th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-008-9573-y","article-title":"Fusarium solani: A novel biological agent for the extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Ingle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"289","article-title":"Optimization of Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Fusarium oxysporum","volume":"12","author":"Korbekandi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res. IJPR"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"555","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and their bioefficacy against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.)","volume":"55","author":"Kamil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2017.0263","article-title":"Biosynthesis of AgNPs by B. maydis and its antifungal effect against Exserohilum turcicum","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.101","article-title":"Antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles against indoor mould growth","volume":"521\u2013522","author":"Ogar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"509","article-title":"Microbial synthesis of Selenium Nanocomposite using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its antimicrobial activity against pathogens causing nosocomial infection","volume":"9","author":"Hariharan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chalcogenide Lett."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"822","article-title":"Extracellular Biosynthesis and Biomedical Application of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Baker\u2019s Yeast","volume":"4","author":"Letemichael","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"252","article-title":"Drug delivery through nails: Present and future","volume":"3","author":"Shanbhaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Horiz. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"203","article-title":"Transungual Drug Delivery: An Overview","volume":"2","author":"Rajendra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4155\/tde-2016-0090","article-title":"High failure rate of transungal drug delivery: Need for new strategies","volume":"8","author":"Tiwary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.09.004","article-title":"Nanostructured lipid carriers: Promising drug delivery systems for future clinics","volume":"12","author":"Beloqui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00285","article-title":"Innovative Nanoparticles Enhance N-Palmitoylethanolamide Intraocular Delivery","volume":"9","author":"Puglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharm."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2013.769446","article-title":"Eradication of superficial fungal infections by conventional and novel approaches: A comprehensive review","volume":"42","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.03.019","article-title":"Nanoparticles as safe and effective delivery systems of antifungal agents: Achievements and challenges","volume":"523","author":"Soliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863734","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/863734","article-title":"Recent applications of liposomes in ophthalmic drug delivery","volume":"2011","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01584.x","article-title":"Liposomes as an ocular delivery system of fluconazole: In-vitro studies","volume":"88","author":"Habib","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2016.06.002","article-title":"Fluconazole-loaded niosomal gels as a topical ocular drug delivery system for corneal fungal infections","volume":"35","author":"Fetih","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Development of surfactant-based nanocarrier system for delivery of an antifungal drug","volume":"11","author":"Mohanta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"169","article-title":"Recent trends and advances in fungal drug delivery","volume":"8","author":"Gowda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2017.1380664","article-title":"The care and feeding of a commercial liposomal product: Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome((R)))","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2009.02.021","article-title":"Amphotericin B-entrapping lipid nanoparticles and their in vitro and in vivo characteristics","volume":"37","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199714040-00006","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy and Tolerability of Econazole Liposomal Gel 1%, Branded Econazole Conventional Cream 1% and Generic Clotrimazole Cream 1% in Tinea Pedis","volume":"14","author":"Korting","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emerging Trends in Topical Antifungal Therapy: A Review","volume":"2015","author":"Pande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inventi J."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S86186","article-title":"Development, characterization, and skin delivery studies of related ultradeformable vesicles: Transfersomes, ethosomes, and transethosomes","volume":"10","author":"Ascenso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajps.2018.05.007","article-title":"Vesicular nanocarrier based treatment of skin fungal infections: Potential and emerging trends in nanoscale pharmacotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"2681","article-title":"Transethosomes: A new prospect for enhanced transdermal delivery","volume":"9","author":"Shaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-012-0107-1","article-title":"Development of solid lipid nanoparticles enriched hydrogels for topical delivery of anti-fungal agent","volume":"20","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.10.003","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products","volume":"366","author":"Pardeike","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2010.483252","article-title":"Design and development of solid lipid nanoparticles for topical delivery of an anti-fungal agent","volume":"17","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.06.004","article-title":"Polymeric nanoparticles: A study on the preparation variables and characterization methods","volume":"80","author":"Crucho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater Sci. Eng. C Mater Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"2281","article-title":"Nanosponge and Micro Sponges: A Novel Drug Delivery System","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Pharm. Chem."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn539","article-title":"Amphotericin B in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) nanoparticles against paracoccidioidomycosis","volume":"63","author":"Amaral","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00346","article-title":"Degradable Controlled-Release Polymers and Polymeric Nanoparticles: Mechanisms of Controlling Drug Release","volume":"116","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2013.11.008","article-title":"Chitosan-decorated polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) polymersomes as novel carriers for topical delivery of finasteride","volume":"52","author":"Caon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632698","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/632698","article-title":"Antifungal activity of chitosan nanoparticles and correlation with their physical properties","volume":"2012","author":"Ing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1021\/mp500527x","article-title":"Oral Particle Uptake and Organ Targeting Drives the Activity of Amphotericin B Nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Serrano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_314_17","article-title":"Polymeric micelles as cutaneous drug delivery system in normal skin and dermatological disorders","volume":"9","author":"Makhmalzade","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22028","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm34546c","article-title":"Bioreducible polymersomes for intracellular dual-drug delivery","volume":"22","author":"Thambi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.10.005","article-title":"Polymersomes for drug delivery: Design, formation and characterization","volume":"161","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.01.010","article-title":"Reduction and pH dual-bioresponsive crosslinked polymersomes for efficient intracellular delivery of proteins and potent induction of cancer cell apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.07.030","article-title":"Dendrimers: A versatile nanocarrier for drug delivery and targeting","volume":"548","author":"Sherje","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.09.011","article-title":"Characterization of dendrimers","volume":"57","author":"Caminade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, U., and Perumal, O. (2014). Dendrimers and Its Biomedical Applications. Natural and Synthetic Biomedical Polymers, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396983-5.00016-8"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nimesh, S. (2013). Dendrimers. Gene therapy: Potential Applications of Nanotechnology, Woodhead Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781908818645.259"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2009.07.008","article-title":"Dendrimers: Emerging polymers for drug-delivery systems","volume":"38","author":"Nanjwade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"173","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis methods, bio-applications and properties","volume":"42","author":"Abbasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-018-1286-z","article-title":"Recent advances and future prospects of iron oxide nanoparticles in biomedicine and diagnostics","volume":"8","author":"Vallabani","year":"2018","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1021\/tx500113u","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity evaluations of thiolated- and s-nitrosated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Implications for cancer treatment","volume":"27","author":"Seabra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"20","article-title":"Recent Trends in Niosome as Vesicular Drug Delivery System","volume":"2","author":"Sankhyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4257","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160603015436","article-title":"Microemulsion and Microemulsion-Based Gels for Topical Antifungal Therapy with Phytochemicals","volume":"22","author":"Boonme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"2424","article-title":"Preparation, Optimization and in vitro Microbiological Efficacy of Antifungal Microemulsion","volume":"2","author":"Mehta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"56","article-title":"New Formulation Strategies in Topical Antifungal Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Erdal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2011.590731","article-title":"Microemulsions as vehicles for topical administration of voriconazole: Formulation and in vitro evaluation","volume":"38","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14028","article-title":"Nanoemulsions and dermatological diseases: Contributions and therapeutic advances","volume":"57","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.01.008","article-title":"Current applications of nanoparticles in infectious diseases","volume":"224","author":"Zazo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28092","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA00720E","article-title":"Unique properties of silver and copper silica-based nanocomposites as antimicrobial agents","volume":"7","author":"Peszke","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7646","DOI":"10.1021\/la300948n","article-title":"Nanoparticles and surfaces presenting antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties","volume":"28","author":"Botequim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1021\/bm100893r","article-title":"Antifungal Nanoparticles and Surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Cristiana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_179","unstructured":"M\u00e9ndez-Vilas, A. (2013). Antimicrobial properties of silica modified nanoparticles. Microbial Pathogens and Strategies for Combating Them: Science, Technology and Education, Formatex Research Center."},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"145","article-title":"Antifungal activity of fabricated mesoporous silica nanoparticles against early blight of tomato","volume":"5","author":"Derbalah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01055","article-title":"Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs from 1981 to 2014","volume":"79","author":"Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2016.0103","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Mentha pulegium and investigation of their antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activity","volume":"11","author":"Kelkawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.11.022","article-title":"Antifungal potential of marine natural products","volume":"126","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Marine Sponges","volume":"1","author":"Vitali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1021\/np060229d","article-title":"Theopapuamide, a Cyclic Depsipeptide from a Papua New Guinea Lithistid Sponge Theonella swinhoei","volume":"69","author":"Ratnayake","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"504","article-title":"Celebesides A-C and Theopapuamides B-D, Depsipeptides from an Indonesian Sponge that Inhibit HIV-1 Entry","volume":"74","author":"Jessica","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19032925","article-title":"Early state research on antifungal natural products","volume":"19","author":"Negri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause, J., and Tobi, G. (2013). Discovery, Development, and Regulation of Natural Products. Using Old Solutions to New Problems\u2014Natural Drug Discovery in the 21st Century, BoD\u2013Books on Demand.","DOI":"10.5772\/56424"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2011.01.009","article-title":"Confronting the Challenges of Natural Product-Based Antifungal Discovery","volume":"18","author":"Roemer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13351","article-title":"Unlocking the potential of natural products in drug discovery","volume":"12","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, N., Rai, D.B., Jangid, A.K., and Kulhari, H. (2019). Use of nanotechnology in antimicrobial therapy. Nanotechnology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mim.2019.04.004"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pooja, D., Kadari, A., Kulhari, H., and Sistla, R. (2018). Lipid-based nanomedicines. Lipid Nanocarriers for Drug Targeting, William Andrew.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813687-4.00013-X"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koppa Raghu, P., Bansal, K.K., Thakor, P., Bhavana, V., Madan, J., Rosenholm, J.M., and Mehra, N.K. (2020). Evolution of Nanotechnology in Delivering Drugs to Eyes, Skin and Wounds via Topical Route. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13080167"},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"NIH (2020, September 10). ClinicalTrials, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/home."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/13\/9\/248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:10:14Z","timestamp":1760177414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/13\/9\/248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"references-count":194,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ph13090248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph13090248","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]}}}