{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T19:02:01Z","timestamp":1778094121738,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":238,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]],"date-time":"2021-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered one of the deadliest tumors worldwide. The diagnosis is often possible only in the latter stages of the disease, with patients already presenting an advanced or metastatic tumor. It is also one of the cancers with poorest prognosis, presenting a five-year survival rate of around 5%. Treatment of PDAC is still a major challenge, with cytotoxic chemotherapy remaining the basis of systemic therapy. However, no major advances have been made recently, and therapeutic options are limited and highly toxic. Thus, novel therapeutic options are urgently needed. Drug repurposing is a strategy for the development of novel treatments using approved or investigational drugs outside the scope of the original clinical indication. Since repurposed drugs have already completed several stages of the drug development process, a broad range of data is already available. Thus, when compared with de novo drug development, drug repurposing is time-efficient, inexpensive and has less risk of failure in future clinical trials. Several repurposing candidates have been investigated in the past years for the treatment of PDAC, as single agents or in combination with conventional chemotherapy. This review gives an overview of the main drugs that have been investigated as repurposing candidates, for the potential treatment of PDAC, in preclinical studies and clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14030280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T23:47:41Z","timestamp":1616370461000},"page":"280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Drug Repurposing Opportunities in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Rebelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Pol\u00f3nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L\u00facio Lara","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, IPO\u2014Instituto Portugu\u00eas de Oncologia, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7801-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Helena","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4613-1917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina P. R.","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP\u2014Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP\u2014Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.168","article-title":"Drug repurposing: Progress, challenges and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Pushpakom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pantziarka, P., Verbaanderd, C., Huys, I., Bouche, G., and Meheus, L. (2020). 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