{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T03:42:52Z","timestamp":1773200572076,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50006\/2020; PTDC\/BTM-SAL\/29786\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50006\/2020; PTDC\/BTM-SAL\/29786\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite being considered a public health emergency for the last 25 years, tuberculosis (TB) is still one of the deadliest infectious diseases, responsible for over a million deaths every year. The length and toxicity of available treatments and the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis renders standard regimens increasingly inefficient and emphasizes the urgency to develop new approaches that are not only cost- and time-effective but also less toxic. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are small cationic and amphipathic molecules that play a vital role in the host immune system by acting as a first barrier against invading pathogens. The broad spectrum of properties that peptides possess make them one of the best possible alternatives for a new \u201cpost-antibiotic\u201d era. In this context, research into AMP as potential anti-tubercular agents has been driven by the increasing danger revolving around the emergence of extremely-resistant strains, the innate resistance that mycobacteria possess and the low compliance of patients towards the toxic anti-TB treatments. In this review, we will focus on AMP from various sources, such as animal, non-animal and synthetic, with reported inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14040323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T04:13:51Z","timestamp":1617336831000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Anti-Tubercular Leads: A Concise Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7496-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel S.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, P-4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, P-4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2014Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, P-4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Raquel P.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Qu\u00edmicas, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, P-4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6018-4724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7657-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Salom\u00e9","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, P-4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, P-4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2014Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, P-4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6087-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, P-4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"I3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, P-4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2014Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, P-4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e1tia","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30308-3","article-title":"Tuberculosis","volume":"393","author":"Furin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a017871","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017871","article-title":"Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection","volume":"5","author":"Bruchfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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