{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:18:59Z","timestamp":1773253139185,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]],"date-time":"2021-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009091","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/04801\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/04801\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009091","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020 and UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020 and UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009091","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04138\/2020, UIDB\/00100\/2020, UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020, CO-FAC\/ILIND\/CBIOS\/1\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04138\/2020, UIDB\/00100\/2020, UIDP\/50017\/2020+UIDB\/50017\/2020, CO-FAC\/ILIND\/CBIOS\/1\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009091","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network (LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network (LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009091","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INTERFACE Programme (Innovation, Technology and Circular Economy Fund (FITEC) and iNOVA4Health\u2014UIDB\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INTERFACE Programme (Innovation, Technology and Circular Economy Fund (FITEC) and iNOVA4Health\u2014UIDB\/04462\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009091","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCMAR\/Multi\/04326\/2019 project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCMAR\/Multi\/04326\/2019 project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sambucus nigra L. (S. nigra) is a shrub widespread in Europe and western Asia, traditionally used in medicine, that has become popular in recent years as a potential source of a wide range of interesting bioactive compounds. The aim of the present work was to develop a topical S. nigra extract formulation based on ethosomes and thus to support its health claims with scientific evidence. S. nigra extract was prepared by an ultrasound-assisted method and then included in ethosomes. The ethosomes were analyzed in terms of their size, stability over time, morphology, entrapment capacity (EC), extract release profile, stability over time and several biological activities. The prepared ethosomes were indicated to be well defined, presenting sizes around 600 nm. The extract entrapment capacity in ethosomes was 73.9 \u00b1 24.8%, with an interesting slow extract release profile over 24 h. The extract-loaded ethosomes presented collagenase inhibition activity and a very good skin compatibility after human application. This study demonstrates the potential use of S. nigra extract incorporated in ethosomes as a potential cosmeceutical ingredient and on further studies should be performed to better understand the impact of S. nigra compounds on skin care over the time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14050467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,17]],"date-time":"2021-05-17T02:31:34Z","timestamp":1621218694000},"page":"467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Newfangled Collagenase Inhibitor Topical Formulation Based on Ethosomes with Sambucus nigra L. Extract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ana Henriques","family":"Mota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iMED.Ulisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Prazeres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Agron\u00f3mica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Mestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMED.Ulisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3047-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"Bento-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMED.Ulisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3119-8745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"No\u00e9lia","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMED.Ulisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8618-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Teresa","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Agron\u00f3mica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5016-4634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Bronze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMED.Ulisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Av. da Rep\u00fablica, Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Agron\u00f3mica, Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da Rep\u00fablica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Rijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMED.Ulisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CBiOS\u2014Research Center for Biosciences &amp; Health Technologies, Universidade Lus\u00f3fona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6814-7226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMED.Ulisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8405-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Silveira","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica Estrutural, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7439-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia","family":"Ascens\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5723-0750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhDTrials\u2014International Contract Research Organization, Av. Maria Helena Vieira da Silva n\u00ba 24 A, 1750-182 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8640-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7807-4726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Jos\u00e9","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMED.Ulisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1046-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina Pinto","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iMED.Ulisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"IBEB, Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Therapeutic Implications of Nanopharmaceuticals in Skin Delivery","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Yata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanopharmaceuticals: Principles and Applications"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.07.078","article-title":"Broad overview of engineering of functional nanosystems for skin delivery","volume":"532","author":"Mota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hussain, C.M. (2020). Natural-based consumer health nanoproducts: Medicines, cosmetics, and food supplements. Handbook of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Industrial Applications, Elsevier. Micro and Nano Technologies."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mota, A.H., Duarte, N., Serra, A.T., Ferreira, A., Bronze, M.R., Cust\u00f3dio, L., Gaspar, M.M., Sim\u00f5es, S., Rijo, P., and Ascens\u00e3o, L. (2020). Further Evidence of Possible Therapeutic Uses of Sambucus nigra L. Extracts by the Assessment of the In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Its PLGA and PCL-Based Nanoformulations. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121181"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112709","article-title":"Synchronous insight of in vitro and in vivo biological activities of Sambucus nigra L. extracts for industrial uses","volume":"154","author":"Mota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Leverett, J.C., Chandra, A., Rana, J., Fast, D.J., Missler, S.R., and Flower, D.M. (2007). Extracts of durian fruit for use in skin care compositions. (Application No. 11\/655,015), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00124213","article-title":"Role of collagenases in tumor cell invasion","volume":"288","author":"Liotta","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.11.1462","article-title":"Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging","volume":"138","author":"Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00007-6","article-title":"Age-dependent increase of collagenase expression can be reduced by \u03b1-tocopherol via protein kinase C inhibition","volume":"27","author":"Ricciarelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krutmann, J. (2010). Skin Aging. Nutrition Health Skin, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12264-4"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/1082013218756139","article-title":"The kinetics of thermal degradation of polyphenolic compounds from elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract","volume":"24","author":"Oancea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(96)00356-1","article-title":"Light sensitivity of elderberry extract. Quantum yields for photodegradation in aqueous solution","volume":"60","author":"Carlsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3390\/polym6020479","article-title":"Antimicrobial plant extracts encapsulated into polymeric beads for potential application on the skin","volume":"6","author":"Rijo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethosomes as Non-invasive Loom for Transdermal Drug Delivery System","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Sebastian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery-Adavnces in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals: A Review of Recent Advances","volume":"2018","author":"Kaul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/843687","article-title":"Nanotechnology-Based Cosmeceuticals","volume":"2014","author":"Lohani","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2016). A Guidebook to Particle Size Analysis, Horiba Scientific. Available online: https:\/\/docplayer.net\/18477598-A-guidebook-to-particle-size-analysis.html."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-0994-3","article-title":"Safety and Antioxidant Efficacy Profiles of Rutin-Loaded Ethosomes for Topical Application","volume":"19","author":"Ariede","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2017.07.001","article-title":"A direct comparison of experimental methods to measure dimensions of synthetic nanoparticles","volume":"182","author":"Eaton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4155\/tde.11.156","article-title":"The shape of things to come: Importance of design in nanotechnology for drug delivery","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Deliv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1240850","article-title":"Comparative analysis of sambucus nigra and sambucus australis flowers: Development and validation of an HPLC method for raw material quantification and preliminary stability study","volume":"76","author":"Scopel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"59","article-title":"Quantification of sambucus nigra (Adoxaceae) markers related to tincture stability","volume":"14","author":"Testoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2016.09.003","article-title":"Extraction methods, LC-ESI-MS\/MS analysis of phenolic compounds and antiradical properties of functional food enriched with elderberry flowers or fruits","volume":"12","author":"Oniszczuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.78524","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Ethosomes for Topical delivery of Aceclofenac","volume":"72","author":"Barupal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2016.03.003","article-title":"In vitro assessment of pharmaceutical potential of ethosomes entrapped with terbinafine hydrochloride","volume":"7","author":"Iizhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.18689\/ijtma-1000102","article-title":"Development of Rutin Ethosomes for Enhanced Skin Permeation","volume":"1","author":"Dhiman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Tradit. Med. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"559","article-title":"Development, characterization & in vitro skin permeation of rutin ethosomes as a novel vesicular carrier","volume":"8","author":"Jacob","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-013-0232-3","article-title":"Enhanced skin delivery and characterization of rutin-loaded ethosomes","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14489","article-title":"pH in nature, humans and skin","volume":"45","author":"Proksch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2174\/2211738507666190906123643","article-title":"Development of Topical Gel of Methotrexate Incorporated Ethosomes and Salicylic Acid for the Treatment of Psoriasis","volume":"7","author":"Chandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2014.915571","article-title":"Topical gels of etofenamate: In vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Marto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.603227","article-title":"Development, Characterization and Stability Evaluation of Topical Gel Loaded with Ethosomes Containing Achillea millefolium L. Extract","volume":"12","author":"Andleeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pannu, A., Goyal, R.K., Ojha, S., and Nandave, M. (2019). Naringenin: A Promising Flavonoid for Herbal Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Associated Inflammatory Disorders. Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813820-5.00020-9"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zofia, N.\u0141., Martyna, Z.D., Aleksandra, Z., and Tomasz, B. (2020). Comparison of the Antiaging and Protective Properties of Plants from the Apiaceae Family. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5307614"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"2279","article-title":"Ethosomal nanocarriers: The impact of constituents and formulation techniques on ethosomal properties, in vivo studies, and clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Karim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201400219","article-title":"Review Article The use of natural and synthetic phospholipids as pharmaceutical excipients \u00c3","volume":"116","author":"Wendel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7435621","article-title":"HaCaT Cells as a Reliable In Vitro Differentiation Model to Dissect the Inflammatory\/Repair Response of Human Keratinocytes","volume":"2017","author":"Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.09.033","article-title":"Cynara scolymus L.: A promising Mediterranean extract for topical anti-aging prevention","volume":"109","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHAM.0000033006.11619.07","article-title":"Rheological Characterization of Topical Carbomer Gels Neutralized to Different pH","volume":"21","author":"Islam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5528","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00046a063","article-title":"Mutual influence of pH and temperature on the swelling of ionizable and thermosensitive hydrogels","volume":"25","author":"Feil","year":"1992","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(79)90025-5","article-title":"The rheological properties of carbopol gels I. Continuous shear and creep properties of carbopol gels","volume":"2","author":"Barry","year":"1979","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.12.2.289","article-title":"Syneresis and swelling of gelatin","volume":"12","author":"Kunitz","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-2083-z","article-title":"Herbal ethosomal gel containing luliconazole for productive relevance in the field of biomedicine","volume":"10","author":"Dave","year":"2020","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2015.1132227","article-title":"Formulation and rheological evaluation of ethosome-loaded carbopol hydrogel for transdermal application","volume":"42","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2478\/ijame-2019-0012","article-title":"Rheology of Drugs for Topical and Transdermal Delivery","volume":"24","author":"Walicka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"47","article-title":"Rheological study of a liposomal hydrogel based on carbopol","volume":"16","author":"Ortan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-017-0713-5","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of Topical Diclofenac Sodium Gel Using Hot Melt Extrusion Technology as a Continuous Manufacturing Process with Kolliphor\u00ae P407","volume":"18","author":"Pawar","year":"2017","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.09.034","article-title":"Rheological, adhesive and release characterisation of semisolid Carbopol\/tetraglycol systems","volume":"307","author":"Bonacucina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.08.045","article-title":"Optimization of medicinal plant extraction methods and their encapsulation through extrusion technology","volume":"58","author":"Rijo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02531316","article-title":"Two dimensional thin layer chromatographic separation of polar lipids and determination of phospholipids by phosphorus analysis of spots","volume":"5","author":"Rouser","year":"1970","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.08.008","article-title":"Rifabutin encapsulated in liposomes exhibits increased therapeutic activity in a model of disseminated tuberculosis","volume":"31","author":"Gaspar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.07.044","article-title":"Polymeric nanoparticles modified with fatty acids encapsulating betamethasone for anti-inflammatory treatment","volume":"493","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(03)00137-4","article-title":"Spectrofluorimetric method for the estimation of total lipids in Eremothecium ashbyii fungal filaments using Nile blue and avoiding interference of autofluorescent riboflavin","volume":"55","author":"Vijayalakshmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.01.017","article-title":"Combination of hyaluronic acid and PLGA particles as hybrid systems for viscosupplementation in osteoarthritis","volume":"559","author":"Mota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10105","article-title":"In silico analytico-mathematical interpretation of biopolymeric assemblies: Quantification of energy surfaces and molecular attributes via atomistic simulations","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Rebelo, A., Kumar, P., Pillay, V., Choonara, Y.E., Eleut\u00e9rio, C., Figueira, M., Viana, A.S., Ascens\u00e3o, L., Molpeceres, J., and Rijo, P. (2019). Development and mechanistic insight into the enhanced cytotoxic potential of parvifloron D albumin nanoparticles in EGFR-overexpressing pancreatic cancer cells. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11111733"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1680\/jgrma.18.00074","article-title":"Green extraction of Sambucus nigra L. for potential application in skin nanocarriers","volume":"8","author":"Mota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Green Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-010-4019-3","article-title":"The inhibition of collagenase induced degradation of collagen by the galloyl-containing polyphenols tannic acid, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate","volume":"21","author":"Jackson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Rebelo, A., Garcia, C., Eleut\u00e9rio, C., Bastos, A., Coelho, S.C., Coelho, M.A.N., Molpeceres, J., Viana, A.S., Ascens\u00e3o, L., and Pinto, J.F. (2018). Development of parvifloron D-loaded smart nanoparticles to target pancreatic cancer. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10040216"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2019, October 31). Delfim Fernando Gon\u00e7alves dos Santos Absor\u00e7\u00e3o percut\u00e2nea-geles de carbopol contendo fentiazac, Faculdade de Farmacia do Porto. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10216\/10158."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"251","article-title":"A novel topical association with zinc oxide, chamomile and aloe vera extracts-stability and safety studies","volume":"12","author":"Reis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Biopharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2020, August 06). EMA\/CPMC\/ICH\/2736\/99 ICH Topic Q1A (R2). Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/ich-q-1-r2-stability-testing-new-drug-substances-products-step-5_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345700490030501","article-title":"Tissue Conditioners: II. Rheologic Properties","volume":"49","author":"Braden","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927613000536","article-title":"Evaluation of a New Topical Treatment for Acne with Azelaic Acid-Loaded Nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Reis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1976.tb02972.x","article-title":"Contact allergy: Predictive testing in man","volume":"2","author":"Marzulli","year":"1976","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"PhD Trials Patch Test study protocol n\u00ba PT.02.01\/final03, RNEC n\u00ba 127504."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/14\/5\/467\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:01:54Z","timestamp":1760162514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/14\/5\/467"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ph14050467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph14050467","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,15]]}}}