{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:56:40Z","timestamp":1776387400707,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by an electrical imbalance in neurons. It is the second most prevalent neurological disease, with 50 million people affected around the world, and 30% of all epilepsies do not respond to available treatments. Currently, the main hypothesis about the molecular processes that trigger epileptic seizures and promote the neurotoxic effects that lead to cell death focuses on the exacerbation of the glutamate pathway and the massive influx of Ca2+ into neurons by different factors. However, other mechanisms have been proposed, and most of them have also been described in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease, or multiple sclerosis. Interestingly, and mainly because of these common molecular links and the lack of effective treatments for these diseases, some antiseizure drugs have been investigated to evaluate their therapeutic potential in these pathologies. Therefore, in this review, we thoroughly investigate the common molecular pathways between epilepsy and the major neurodegenerative diseases, examine the incidence of epilepsy in these populations, and explore the use of current and innovative antiseizure drugs in the treatment of refractory epilepsy and other neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14101057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T03:01:13Z","timestamp":1634698873000},"page":"1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Epilepsy in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Related Drugs and Molecular Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Cano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3895-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miren","family":"Ettcheto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2571-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Itziar","family":"de Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Alonso-Lana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Morat\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B.","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1550-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Merc\u00e8","family":"Boada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0660-0950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Marqui\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ace Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08029 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","article-title":"ILAE official report: A practical clinical definition of epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Fisher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1708","article-title":"Progressive Cortical Thinning in Patients with Focal 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