{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T18:48:08Z","timestamp":1771699688466,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04378\/2020, UIDB\/04378\/2020, LA\/P\/0140\/2020, UI\/BD\/151313\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04378\/2020, UIDB\/04378\/2020, LA\/P\/0140\/2020, UI\/BD\/151313\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prostate cancer (PCa), bladder cancer (BCa), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are the most common urological cancers, and their incidence has been rising over time. Surgery is the standard treatment for these cancers, but this procedure is only effective when the disease is localized. For metastatic disease, PCa is typically treated with androgen deprivation therapy, while BCa is treated with chemotherapy, and RCC is managed primarily with targeted therapies. However, response rates to these therapeutic options remain unsatisfactory due to the development of resistance and treatment-related toxicity. Thus, the discovery of biomarkers with prognostic and predictive value is needed to stratify patients into different risk groups, minimizing overtreatment and the risk of drug resistance development. Pharmacometabolomics, a branch of metabolomics, is an attractive tool to predict drug response in an individual based on its own metabolic signature, which can be collected before, during, and after drug exposure. Hence, this review focuses on the application of pharmacometabolomic approaches to identify the metabolic responses to hormone therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy for the most prevalent urological cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15030295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:11:14Z","timestamp":1646079074000},"page":"295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pharmacometabolomics Applied to Personalized Medicine in Urological Cancers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Filipa","family":"Amaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9884-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FP-I3ID, FP-ENAS, CEBIMED, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria de Lourdes","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7395-5700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Guedes de Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferlay, J., Wild, C.P., and Bray, F. 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