{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T14:46:45Z","timestamp":1774968405046,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020; UIDP\/00709\/2020; UIDB\/00690\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020; UIDP\/00709\/2020; UIDB\/00690\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Social Fund (ESF)","award":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial resistance is a naturally occurring process. However, bacterial antibiotic resistance has emerged as a major public health problem in recent years. The accumulation of antibiotics in the environment, including in wastewaters and drinking water, has contributed to the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Such can be justified by the growing consumption of antibiotics and their inadequate elimination. The conventional water treatments are ineffective in promoting the complete elimination of antibiotics and bacteria, mainly in removing ARGs. Therefore, ARGs can be horizontally transferred to other microorganisms within the aquatic environment, thus promoting the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we discuss the efficiency of conventional water treatment processes in removing agents that can spread\/stimulate the development of antibiotic resistance and the promising strategies for water remediation, mainly those based on nanotechnology and microalgae. Despite the potential of some of these approaches, the elimination of ARGs remains a challenge that requires further research. Moreover, the development of new processes must avoid the release of new contaminants for the environment, such as the chemicals resulting from nanomaterials synthesis, and consider the utilization of green and eco-friendly alternatives such as biogenic nanomaterials and microalgae-based technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15040393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T23:31:43Z","timestamp":1648164703000},"page":"393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance in the Drinking Water: Old and New Strategies to Remove Antibiotics, Resistant Bacteria, and Resistance Genes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5911-6521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Potencial e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Recursos Naturais, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento do Interior do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda (CPIRN-UDI\/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Potencial e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Recursos Naturais, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento do Interior do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda (CPIRN-UDI\/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica da Guarda, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade da Guarda (ULSGuarda), Avenida Rainha Dona Am\u00e9lia, 6300-858 Guarda, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8858-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica de Bragan\u00e7a, Unidade Local de Sa\u00fade do Nordeste (ULSNE), Rua Eng. Adelino Amaro da Costa, 5300-146 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a (IPB), Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Bragan\u00e7a, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6832-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Potencial e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Recursos Naturais, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento do Interior do Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda (CPIRN-UDI\/IPG), 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"},{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). 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