{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T15:56:21Z","timestamp":1776700581028,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funds from the FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Large-scale production of microalgae and their bioactive compounds has steadily increased in response to global demand for natural compounds. Spirulina, in particular, has been used due to its high nutritional value, especially its high protein content. Promising biological functions have been associated with Spirulina extracts, mainly related to its high value added blue pigment, phycocyanin. Phycocyanin is used in several industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, which increases its market value. Due to the worldwide interest and the need to replace synthetic compounds with natural ones, efforts have been made to optimize large-scale production processes and maintain phycocyanin stability, which is a highly unstable protein. The aim of this review is to update the scientific knowledge on phycocyanin applications and to describe the reported production, extraction, and purification methods, including the main physical and chemical parameters that may affect the purity, recovery, and stability of phycocyanin. By implementing different techniques such as complete cell disruption, extraction at temperatures below 45 \u00b0C and a pH of 5.5\u20136.0, purification through ammonium sulfate, and filtration and chromatography, both the purity and stability of phycocyanin have been significantly improved. Moreover, the use of saccharides, crosslinkers, or natural polymers as preservatives has contributed to the increased market value of phycocyanin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T02:26:02Z","timestamp":1681698362000},"page":"592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["Exploring the Benefits of Phycocyanin: From Spirulina Cultivation to Its Widespread Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-2580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4316-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0799-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Qu\u00edmica e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2025-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Toubarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBA and Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua M\u00e3e de Deus No 13, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5834-6141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana I. R. N. A.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mesosystem, Rua da Igreja Velha 295, 4410-160 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). World Population Projected to Reach 9.8 Billion in 2050, and 11.2 Billion in 2100. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/desa\/world-population-projected-reach-98-billion-2050-and-112-billion-2100."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117492","article-title":"Perspective of Spirulina culture with wastewater into a sustainable circular bioeconomy","volume":"284","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2019.1655572","article-title":"Cultured Microalgae and Compounds Derived Thereof for Food Applications: Strain Selection and Cultivation, Drying, and Processing Strategies","volume":"36","author":"Lafarga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110314","article-title":"Phycocyanin from Spirulina: A review of extraction methods and stability","volume":"143","author":"Jaeschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, March 03). New Report Calls for Urgent Action to Avert Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis. International Organizations Unite on Critical Recommendations to Combat Drug-Resistant Infections and Prevent Staggering Number of Deaths Each Year, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/29-04-2019-new-report-calls-for-urgent-action-to-avert-antimicrobial-resistance-crisis."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Nowruzi, B. (2022). Cyanobacteria\u2014Recent Advances and New Perspectives, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxena, R., Rodr\u00edguez-Jasso, R.M., Ch\u00e1vez-Gonzalez, M.L., Aguilar, C.N., Quijano, G., and Ruiz, H.A. (2022). Strategy Development for Microalgae Spirulina platensis Biomass Cultivation in a Bubble Photobioreactor to Promote High Carbohydrate Content. Fermentation, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8080374"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlFadhly, N.K.Z., Alhelfi, N., Altemimi, A.B., Verma, D.K., and Cacciola, F. (2022). Tendencies Affecting the Growth and Cultivation of Genus Spirulina: An Investigative Review on Current Trends. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11223063"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). Algae Products Market Size, Growth and Forecast 2028. Available online: https:\/\/www.credenceresearch.com\/report\/algae-products-market."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Paniagua-Michel, J. (2015). Handbook of Marine Microalgae: Biotechnology Advances, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorrenti, V., Castagna, D.A., Fortinguerra, S., Buriani, A., Scapagnini, G., and Willcox, D.C. (2021). Spirulina Microalgae and Brain Health: A Scoping Review of Experimental and Clinical Evidence. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19060293"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1089\/ind.2017.0009","article-title":"Phycocyanin from Microalgae: Properties, Extraction and Purification, with Some Recent Applications","volume":"14","author":"Moreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.11.019","article-title":"A review of recent strategies to improve the physical stability of phycocyanin","volume":"5","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, C.H.G., Braune, S., Waldeck, P., K\u00fcpper, J.-H., Petrick, I., and Jung, F. (2021). Morphology and Growth of Arthrospira platensis during Cultivation in a Flat-Type Bioreactor. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11060536"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trotta, T., Porro, C., Cianciulli, A., and Panaro, M.A. (2022). Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030676"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). A Review on Culture, Production and Use of Spirulina as Food for Humans and Feeds for Domestic Animals and Fish. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i0424e\/i0424e00.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). Economic and Social Council Substantive Session For 2008 High-Level Segment. This Year\u2019s Theme is \u201cAchieving Sustainable Development\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/ecosoc\/docs\/statement08\/iimsam.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). OPINION of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on the \u201cRisks Associated with the Consumption of Food Supplements Containing Spirulina\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/en\/system\/files\/NUT2014SA0096EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 742, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/113614\/download."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). Code of Federal Regulations, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). Algae as Novel Food in Europe. Available online: https:\/\/www.algae-novel-food.com\/output\/algae-novel-food\/download.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). Regulation (EU) 2015\/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on Novel Foods, Amending Regulation (EU) No 1169\/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Repealing Regulation (EC) No 258\/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1852\/2001 (Text with EEA Relevance); 2015; Volume 327. Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2015\/2283\/oj\/eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochms.2022.100134","article-title":"Functional properties of bioactive compounds from Spirulina spp.: Current status and future trends","volume":"5","author":"Bortolini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4109","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b08251","article-title":"The True Value of Spirulina","volume":"68","author":"Grosshagauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). Blue-Green Algae: MedlinePlus Supplements, Available online: https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/druginfo\/natural\/923.html."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlFadhly, N.K.Z., Alhelfi, N., Altemimi, A.B., Verma, D.K., Cacciola, F., and Narayanankutty, A. (2022). Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175584"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109356","article-title":"Spirulina for the food and functional food industries","volume":"137","author":"Lafarga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3233\/JCB-189012","article-title":"Spirulina platensis, a super food?","volume":"5","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"3069","article-title":"Reducing the Carbon Footprint by Cultivating and Consuming Spirulina: A Mini-review","volume":"12","author":"Manimekalan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4929","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1879729","article-title":"Microalgae as source of functional ingredients in new-generation foods: Challenges, technological effects, biological activity, and regulatory issues","volume":"62","author":"Pimentel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ragusa, I., Nardone, G., Zanatta, S., Bertin, W., and Amadio, E. (2021). Spirulina for Skin Care: A Bright Blue Future. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8010007"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). State of Technology Review\u2014Algae Bioenergy. Available online: https:\/\/www.ieabioenergy.com\/blog\/publications\/state-of-technology-review-algae-bioenergy."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2023, March 03). Spirulina Market by Distribution Channel (Consumer Channel, Business Channel), Product Type (Powder, Tablets, Capsules, Flakes, Phycocyanin Extract), Application (Nutraceuticals, Food and Beverages, Agriculture, Animal Feed)-Global Forecast to 2028. Available online: https:\/\/www.giiresearch.com\/report\/meti1018472-spirulina-market-by-distribution-channel-consumer.html."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2022.108541","article-title":"Large-scale production of Spirulina-based proteins and c-phycocyanin: A biorefinery approach","volume":"185","author":"Thevarajah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altmann, B.A., and Rosenau, S. (2022). Spirulina as Animal Feed: Opportunities and Challenges. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11070965"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121946","article-title":"Operational and economic aspects of Spirulina-based biorefinery","volume":"292","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1998.4062","article-title":"Cyanobacterial Phycobilisomes","volume":"124","author":"MacColl","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00279","article-title":"Emerging Technologies in Algal Biotechnology: Toward the Establishment of a Sustainable, Algae-Based Bioeconomy","volume":"11","author":"Fabris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giwa, A., Abuhantash, F., Chalermthai, B., and Taher, H. (2022). Bio-Based Circular Economy and Polygeneration in Microalgal Produc-tion from Food Wastes: A Concise Review. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141710759"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17998","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4990-9","article-title":"Study of polyethyleneimine- and amidoxime-functionalized hybrid biomass of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis for adsorption of uranium (VI) ion","volume":"22","author":"Bayramoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101600","article-title":"Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin: Strategies to improve production yield and chemical stability","volume":"42","author":"Castillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1744-5","article-title":"The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: An overview","volume":"90","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2019.02.010","article-title":"Phycobiliproteins from cyanobacteria: Chemistry and biotechnological applications","volume":"37","author":"Pagels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.117453","article-title":"Design strategies for C-phycocyanin purification: Process influence on purity grade","volume":"252","author":"Braga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2023, March 04). C-Phycocyanin | Sigma-Aldrich. Available online: http:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.58.2.419","article-title":"Complementary chromatic adaptation in a filamentous blue-green alga","volume":"58","author":"Bennett","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2023, March 04). CFR-Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfcfr\/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=73.530."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2023, March 04). Provision of Scientific and Technical Support with Respect to the Classification of Extracts\/Concentrates with Colouring Properties Either as Food Colours (Food Additives Falling under Regulation (EC) No 1333\/2008) or Colouring Foods. JRC Publications Repository. Available online: https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC96974."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2023, March 04). GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 1000, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/155000\/download."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.6000\/1929-5030.2013.02.04.3","article-title":"Phycocyanin as Potential Natural Dye for its Use in Photovoltaic Cells","volume":"2","author":"Enciso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sol. Chem. Model."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024988","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1024988","article-title":"Application of phycocyanin from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis as a hair dye","volume":"9","author":"Kraseasintra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012047","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/116\/1\/012047","article-title":"The Application of Microencapsulated Phycocyanin as a Blue Natural Colorant to the Quality of Jelly Candy","volume":"116","author":"Dewi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2174\/2211550104666151006002418","article-title":"Phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis. Production, Extraction and Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Vernes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050256","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C-phycocyanin from blue-green algae","volume":"47","author":"Romay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1911","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of C-phycocyanin from common name Spirulina platensis","volume":"19","author":"Safari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2015.1038564","article-title":"Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Food-Grade Phycocyanin Isolated fromSpirulina platensis","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"230","article-title":"Potential antioxidative protein-pigment complex Spirulina platensis mediated food grade phycocyanin C -Extraction, purification, antioxidative activity and biocompatibility","volume":"56","author":"Namasivayam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.12.037","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin-a novel protein from Spirulina platensis- In vivo toxicity, antioxidant and immunomodulatory studies","volume":"28","author":"Grover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, Y., and Kim, B. (2021). Protective Effect of Spirulina-Derived C-Phycocyanin against Ultraviolet B-Induced Damage in HaCaT Cells. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57030273"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7734","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051352y","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin, a Very Potent and Novel Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor from Spirulina platensis","volume":"53","author":"Hsiao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2009.11.002","article-title":"The biliprotein C-phycocyanin modulates the early radiation response: A pilot study","volume":"695","author":"Ivanova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2136","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01072.2005","article-title":"C-phycocyanin protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury of heart through involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK signaling","volume":"290","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.03.013","article-title":"Protective effect of C-phycocyanin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in vitro and in vivo","volume":"185","author":"Ou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooq, S.M., Boppana, N.B., Asokan, D., Sekaran, S.D., Shankar, E.M., Li, C., Gopal, K., Bakar, S.A., Karthik, H.S., and Ebrahim, A.S. (2014). C-Phycocyanin Confers Protection against Oxalate-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in MDCK Cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093056"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravi, M., Tentu, S., Baskar, G., Prasad, S.R., Raghavan, S., Jayaprakash, P., Jeyakanthan, J., Rayala, S.K., and Venkatraman, G. (2015). Molecular mechanism of anti-cancer activity of phycocyanin in triple-negative breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1784-x"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.02.025","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in C-Phycocyanin induced apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line-K562","volume":"68","author":"Subhashini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1042\/BA20060206","article-title":"Alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential by Spirulina platensis C-phycocyanin induces apoptosis in the doxorubicinresistant human hepatocellular-carcinoma cell line HepG2","volume":"47","author":"Arunasree","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s10930-017-9707-0","article-title":"The Inhibitory Effect of C-phycocyanin Containing Protein Extract (C-PC Extract) on Human Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in Hepatocellular Cancer Cell Line (HepG2)","volume":"36","author":"Kunte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2014-0016","article-title":"Targeting angiogenic pathway for chemoprevention of experimental colon cancer using C-phycocyanin as cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor","volume":"92","author":"Saini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4352","DOI":"10.1021\/jf073399k","article-title":"In Vitro Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Selenium-Containing Phycocyanin from Selenium-Enriched Spirulina platensis","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.09.011","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin inhibits MDR1 through reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2 mediated pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line","volume":"649","author":"Nishanth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318193e919","article-title":"Antiinflammatory and Antihyperalgesic Activity of C-Phycocyanin","volume":"108","author":"Shih","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.09.009","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of c-phycocyanin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"81","author":"Cherng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916590","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/916590","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of C-Phycocyanin Extracted from Blue Green Algae in a Rat Model of Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide","volume":"2013","author":"Leung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S347772","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effect and the Possible Mechanism of C-Phycocyanin in Lipopolysaccharide and Seawater-Induced Acute Lung Injury","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2016.12.013","article-title":"C-phycocyanin suppresses transforming growth factor-\u03b21-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in human epithelial cells","volume":"69","author":"Pattarayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R.-Z., Li, W.-J., Zhang, J.-J., Liu, Z.-Y., Li, Y., Liu, C., and Qin, S. (2022). The Inhibitory Effect of Phycocyanin Peptide on Pulmonary Fibrosis In Vitro. Mar. Drugs, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/md20110696"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Mohite, Y., Shrivastava, N., and Sahu, D. (2023, March 04). Antimicrobial Activity of C-Phycocyanin from Arthrospira Platensis Isolated from Extreme Haloalkaline Environment of Lonar Lake. Semantic Scholar 2015. Available online: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Antimicrobial-Activity-of-C-Phycocyanin-from-From-Mohite-Shrivastava\/0ce72a6894d9670db805c76ac10247d48f3076a6."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.21608\/zjar.2018.49187","article-title":"Estimation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of phycocyanin isolated from Spirulina","volume":"45","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zagazig J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-010-0516-2","article-title":"Purified C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (Nordstedt) Geitler: A novel and potent agent against drug resistant bacteria","volume":"27","author":"Sarada","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2018v10i6.26334","article-title":"Formulation and development of topical anti acne formulation of spirulina extract","volume":"10","author":"Nihal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Murugan, T. (2023, March 04). Screening for Antifungal and Antiviral Activity of C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina Platensis. Available online: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Screening+for+Antifungal+and+Antiviral+activity+of+C-phycocyanin+from+Spirulina+platensis&author=T.Murugan+1+&publication_year=2011."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2010.10.001","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces regulatory T cells","volume":"11","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.02.057","article-title":"Spirulina maxima extract prevents cell death through BDNF activation against amyloid beta 1-42 (A\u03b2 1-42) induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells","volume":"673","author":"Koh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111684","article-title":"Phycocyanin alleviates ICV-STZ induced cognitive and molecular deficits via PI3-Kinase dependent pathway","volume":"145","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2020-0101","article-title":"Effect of C-phycocyanin on HDAC3 and miRNA-335 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.8b00610","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina Inhibits \u03b1-Synuclein and Amyloid-\u03b2 Fibril Formation but Not Amorphous Aggregation","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.009","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis and evaluation of its anticancer, antidiabetic and antiinflammatory effect","volume":"153","author":"Prabakaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husain, A., Alouffi, S., Khanam, A., Akasha, R., Farooqui, A., and Ahmad, S. (2022). Therapeutic Efficacy of Natural Product \u2018C-Phycocyanin\u2019 in Alleviating Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes via the Inhibition of Glycation Reaction in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214235"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2012.747545","article-title":"Antidiabetic potential of phycocyanin: Effects on KKAy mice","volume":"51","author":"Ou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, S., Li, F., Li, Q., Yang, Q., and Zhang, W. (2022). Phycocyanin Protects against High Glucose High Fat Diet Induced Diabetes in Mice and Participates in AKT and AMPK Signaling. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11203183"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of spirulina platensis, phycocyanin, phycocyanopeptide and phycocyanobilin on male diabetic rats","volume":"26","author":"Hikal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arab. Univ. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1159","article-title":"Spirulina attenuates cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats","volume":"26","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3270","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin: A Potent Peroxyl Radical Scavenger in Vivo and in Vitro","volume":"275","author":"Bhat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60501A","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through inhibition of oxidative stress","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R110","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00648.2011","article-title":"Phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis protect against diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting oxidative stress","volume":"304","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2012.690925","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice","volume":"34","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo60230c","article-title":"Spirulina platensis and phycocyanobilin activate atheroprotective heme oxygenase-1: A possible implication for atherogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Strasky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2055089","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin prevents acute myocardial infarction-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiac damage","volume":"60","author":"Mirhosseini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4103\/2225-4110.106545","article-title":"Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of C-phycocyanin in Golden Syrian Hamsters Fed with a Hypercholesterolemic Diet","volume":"3","author":"Sheu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.03.006","article-title":"Phycocyanin prevents hypertension and low serum adiponectin level in a rat model of metabolic syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Ichimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, Y.-J., Kim, K.-J., Choi, J., Koh, E.-J., and Lee, B.-Y. (2018). Spirulina maxima Extract Reduces Obesity through Suppression of Adipogenesis and Activation of Browning in 3T3-L1 Cells and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060712"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00272.x","article-title":"uPA dependent and independent mechanisms of wound healing by C-phycocyanin","volume":"12","author":"Madhyastha","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2006.08.012","article-title":"C-phycocyanin transcriptionally regulates uPA mRNA through cAMP mediated PKA pathway in human fibroblast WI-38 cells","volume":"1760","author":"Madhyastha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2022.170783","article-title":"Design of melanogenesis regulatory peptides derived from phycocyanin of the microalgae Spirulina platensis","volume":"152","author":"Kose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-18-74","article-title":"Antimelanogenic effect of c-phycocyanin through modulation of tyrosinase expression by upregulation of ERK and downregulation of p38 MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.10.011","article-title":"Nutraceutical properties of phycocyanin","volume":"11","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007038801482","article-title":"Kinetics of c-Phycocyanin Reaction with Hypochlorite","volume":"19","author":"Romay","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Protein Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5195","article-title":"Scavenging of Peroxynitrite by Phycocyanin and Phycocyanobilin from Spirulina platensis: Protection against Oxidative Damage to DNA","volume":"285","author":"Bhat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.016","article-title":"Anti-oxidant activity of holo- and apo-c-phycocyanin and their protective effects on human erythrocytes","volume":"60","author":"Pleonsil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2004.10.028","article-title":"Purification and characterization of C-Phycocyanin from cyanobacterial species of marine and freshwater habitat","volume":"40","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098091","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1098091","article-title":"Three novel antioxidant peptides isolated from C-phycocyanin against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish via Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110553","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of phycocyanin on acute liver oxidative damage caused by X-ray","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dranseikien\u0117, D., Bal\u010di\u016bnait\u0117-Murzien\u0117, G., Karosien\u0117, J., Morudov, D., Juod\u017eiukynien\u0117, N., Hudz, N., Gerbutavi\u010dien\u0117, R.J., and Savickien\u0117, N. (2022). Cyano-Phycocyanin: Mechanisms of Action on Human Skin and Future Perspectives in Medicine. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091249"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.21058","article-title":"Phycocyanin: A Potential Drug for Cancer Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900080105","article-title":"Phycocyanin: Laser activation, cytotoxic effects, and uptake in human atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"8","author":"Morcos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.02.060","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin from Oscillatoria tenuis exhibited an antioxidant and in vitro antiproliferative activity through induction of apoptosis and G0\/G1 cell cycle arrest","volume":"140","author":"Thangam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2277","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis","volume":"214","author":"Wynn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"(2023, March 04). AMR Review Paper\u2014Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations_1.Pdf. Available online: https:\/\/amr-review.org\/sites\/default\/files\/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20-%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.B., Byun, E.J., and Kim, H.S. (2019). Potential Role of the Microbiome in Acne: A Comprehensive Review. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070987"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2174\/1389202918666171005100549","article-title":"Decoding Common Features of Neurodegenerative Disorders: From Differentially Expressed Genes to Pathways","volume":"19","author":"Habib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210408123807","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin-derived Phycocyanobilin as a Potential Nutraceutical Approach for Major Neurodegenerative Disorders and COVID-19-induced Damage to the Nervous System","volume":"19","author":"McCarty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008175217194","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of phycocyanobilin prepared from Spirulina platensis","volume":"12","author":"Hirata","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pent\u00f3n-Rol, G., Mar\u00edn-Prida, J., and Falc\u00f3n-Cama, V. (2018). C-Phycocyanin and Phycocyanobilin as Remyelination Therapies for Enhancing Recovery in Multiple Sclerosis and Ischemic Stroke: A Preclinical Perspective. Behav. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs8010015"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, P., Yu, Z., Xiong, Y., Liu, B., and Zhao, L. (2018). Regulatory Efficacy of Spirulina platensis Protease Hydrolyzate on Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19124023"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00825","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.825","article-title":"Effects of phycocyanin in modulating the intestinal microbiota of mice","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111349","article-title":"Healing potential of Spirulina platensis for skin wounds by modulating bFGF, VEGF, TGF-\u00df1 and \u03b1-SMA genes expression targeting angiogenesis and scar tissue formation in the rat model","volume":"137","author":"Elbialy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2020.107666","article-title":"In-vitro molecular docking analysis of microalgae extracted phycocyanin as an anti-diabetic candidate","volume":"161","author":"Munawaroh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.064","article-title":"Phycocyanin, a super functional ingredient from algae; properties, purification characterization, and applications","volume":"193 Pt B","author":"Ashaolu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595373","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.595373","article-title":"Phycocyanin Improves Reproductive Ability in Obese Female Mice by Restoring Ovary and Oocyte Quality","volume":"8","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"385","article-title":"Wound healing potential of Spirulina platensis extracts on human dermal fibroblast cells","volume":"14","author":"Syarina","year":"2015","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"351","article-title":"Spirulina protein promotes skin wound repair in a mouse model of full-thickness dermal excisional wound","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Roles of inflammation factors in melanogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2021.1960830","article-title":"Cyanobacteria and microalgae bioactive compounds in skin-ageing: Potential to restore extracellular matrix filling and overcome hyperpigmentation","volume":"36","author":"Favas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.05.026","article-title":"Pigmentation disorders: Hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation","volume":"32","author":"Nicolaidou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-018-0047-3","article-title":"Neuromelanin detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its promise as a biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Sulzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"2330","article-title":"Clinical Effects of Subgingivally Delivered Spirulina Gel in Chronic Periodontitis Cases: A Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Mahendra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2014.12.005","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of natural antioxidants spirulina and aloe vera for the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Patil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr.2019.06.13","article-title":"The efficacy of dietary Spirulina as an adjunct to chemotherapy to improve immune function and reduce myelosuppression in patients with malignant tumors","volume":"8","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.02.008","article-title":"Simple and efficient method for extraction of C-Phycocyanin from dry biomass of Arthospira platensis","volume":"31","author":"Tavanandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.05.050","article-title":"Optimization of phycocyanin extraction from Spirulina platensis using factorial design","volume":"98","author":"Silveira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.09.013","article-title":"Stability, bio-functionality and bio-activity of crude phycocyanin from a two-phase cultured Saharian Arthrospira sp. strain","volume":"35","author":"Chentir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109491","article-title":"Influence of thermal and electrical effects of ohmic heating on C-phycocyanin properties and biocompounds recovery from Spirulina platensis","volume":"128","author":"Nunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2018.04.007","article-title":"Optimization of phycocyanin extraction from Spirulina platensis using different techniques","volume":"70","author":"Ilter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2019.04.014","article-title":"Extraction, purification and antioxidant activity of phycobiliprotein from Arthrospira platensis","volume":"82","author":"Iamtham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.101914","article-title":"Sustainable extraction of valuable components from Spirulina assisted by pulsed electric fields technology","volume":"48","author":"Smetana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/cote.12373","article-title":"The release of the blue biological pigment C-phycocyanin through calcium-aided cytolysis of live Spirulina sp.","volume":"135","author":"Pott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Color. Technol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.09.029","article-title":"C-phycocyanin extraction assisted by pulsed electric field from Artrosphira platensis","volume":"99","author":"Luengo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.03.035","article-title":"Extraction of valuable compounds from Arthrospira platensis using pulsed electric field treatment","volume":"283","author":"Jaeschke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10337-010-1874-5","article-title":"Purification of C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis by Single-Step Ion-Exchange Chromatography","volume":"73","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14842","article-title":"Extraction of phycocyanin\u2014A natural blue colorant from dried spirulina biomass: Influence of processing parameters and extraction techniques","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Dom\u00ednguez, M.C., J\u00e1uregui, M., Medina, E., Jaime, C., and Cerezal, P. (2019). Rapid Green Extractions of C-Phycocyanin from Arthrospira maxima for Functional Applications. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9101987"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2022.103138","article-title":"High pressure assisted extraction of proteins from wet biomass of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina)\u2014A kinetic approach","volume":"81","author":"Giannoglou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108802","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction of natural food colorant C-Phycocyanin from dry biomass of Arthrospira platensis","volume":"118","author":"Tavanandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-2240(03)00025-7","article-title":"Protective effect of intracellular ice during freezing?","volume":"46","author":"Acker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.07.133","article-title":"Co-production of carbonic anhydrase and phycobiliproteins by Spirulina sp. and Synechococcus nidulans","volume":"219","author":"Ores","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2019.04.008","article-title":"Understanding mild cell disintegration of microalgae in bead mills for the release of biomolecules","volume":"203","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2015.01.008","article-title":"Cell disruption for microalgae biorefineries","volume":"33","author":"Eppink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.07.075","article-title":"Optimization of bead milling parameters for the cell disruption of microalgae: Process modeling and application to Porphyridium cruentum and Nannochloropsis oculata","volume":"196","author":"Montalescot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.10.023","article-title":"Extraction and fractionation of microalgae-based protein products","volume":"36","author":"Stoykova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2015.04.013","article-title":"Ultrasound: A clean, green extraction technology","volume":"71","author":"Tiwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2019.02.016","article-title":"Application of ultrasound for green extraction of proteins from spirulina. Mechanism, optimization, modeling, and industrial prospects","volume":"54","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"Knoerzer, K., Juliano, P., and Smithers, G. (2016). Innovative Food Processing Technologies, Woodhead Publishing. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"Lebovka, N., and Vorobiev, E. (2009). Electrotechnologies for Extraction from Food Plants and Biomaterials, Springer."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"293","article-title":"A Large-Scale Preparation Method of High Purity C-Phycocyanin","volume":"3","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biosci. Biochem. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15021","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.15021","article-title":"Increased thermal stability of phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina platensis by cysteine addition during enzyme extraction","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2006.11.026","article-title":"Aqueous two phase extraction for purification of C-phycocyanin","volume":"34","author":"Patil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2012.01.010","article-title":"Stability of phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina sp.: Influence of temperature, pH and preservatives","volume":"47","author":"Chaiklahan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2008.03.012","article-title":"Thermal degradation kinetics of the phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis","volume":"41","author":"Antelo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"254","article-title":"Kinetic studies on thermal denaturation of C-phycocyanin","volume":"41","author":"Patel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2018.11.007","article-title":"Biphasic short time heat degradation of the blue microalgae protein phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis","volume":"52","author":"Ortmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2013.12.026","article-title":"Solid\u2013liquid extraction of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis: Kinetic modeling of influential factors","volume":"123","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012008","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/236\/1\/012008","article-title":"The spectrum of light and nutrients required to increase the production of phycocyanin Spirulina platensis","volume":"236","author":"Wicaksono","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-89132011000400005","article-title":"Study of phycocyanin production from Spirulina platensis under different light spectra","volume":"54","author":"Walter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.29356\/jmcs.v64i3.1157","article-title":"Phycocyanin Thermo-photostability: An Accelerated Life-test Analysis","volume":"64","author":"Escalante","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mex. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, W.Y., and Lee, H.Y. (2018). Kinetic Analysis of Stabilizing C-Phycocyanin in the Spirulina platensis Extracts from Ultrasonic Process Associated with Effects of Light and Temperature. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8091662"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.12573","article-title":"The Optimized Concentration and Purity of Spirulina platensis C-Phycocyanin: A Comparative Study on Microwave-Assisted and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Methods","volume":"39","author":"Aftari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012025","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/633\/1\/012025","article-title":"Production of antioxidant C-phycocyanin using extraction process of Spirulina platensis in large scale industry","volume":"633","author":"Wachda","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandual, S., Sanchez, E.O.L., Andrews, H.E., and de la Rosa, J.D.P. (2021). Phycocyanin content and nutritional profile of Arthrospira platensis from Mexico: Efficient extraction process and stability evaluation of phycocyanin. BMC Chem., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-021-00746-1"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.11.151","article-title":"Enhancing extraction and purification of phycocyanin from Arthrospira sp. with lower energy consumption","volume":"6","author":"Gorgich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2021.12.005","article-title":"Physicochemical degradation of phycocyanin and means to improve its stability: A short review","volume":"12","author":"Adjali","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109093","article-title":"Role of saccharides on thermal stability of phycocyanin in aqueous solutions","volume":"132","author":"Faieta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2018.01.007","article-title":"Kinetic study on the effects of sugar addition on the thermal degradation of phycocyanin from Spirulina sp.","volume":"22","author":"Hadiyanto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-017-1155-x","article-title":"Extraction of C-phycocyanin from Arthrospira (Spirulina) and its thermal stability with citric acid","volume":"30","author":"Kahapana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2007.12.012","article-title":"Effect of preservatives for food grade C-PC from Spirulina platensis","volume":"43","author":"Mishra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.08.017","article-title":"Chemical stabilization of the phycocyanin from cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis","volume":"121","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.105747","article-title":"Improvement of the colloidal stability of phycocyanin in acidified conditions using whey protein-phycocyanin interactions","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106055","article-title":"Improvement of the storage stability of C-phycocyanin in beverages by high-pressure processing","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2019.02.015","article-title":"Antioxidant ultrafine fibers developed with microalga compounds using a free surface electrospinning","volume":"93","author":"Moreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180290","DOI":"10.1515\/ijfe-2018-0290","article-title":"Effects of Carrageenan and Chitosan as Coating Materials on the Thermal Degradation of Microencapsulated Phycocyanin from Spirulina sp.","volume":"15","author":"Hadiyanto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.17113\/ftb.58.04.20.6622","article-title":"Enhanced Microencapsulation of C-Phycocyanin from Arthrospira by Freeze-Drying with Different Wall Materials","volume":"58","author":"Iamtham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2019.07.008","article-title":"Encapsulation of phycocyanin by electrospraying: A promising approach for the protection of sensitive compounds","volume":"119","author":"Schmatz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4526","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-03955-8","article-title":"Enhanced stability of C-phycocyanin colorant by extrusion encapsulation","volume":"56","author":"Pradeep","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15646","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.15646","article-title":"Improving the stability of phycocyanin by spray dried microencapsulation","volume":"45","author":"Ilter","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5726","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01278E","article-title":"Application of microfluidic technology in food processing","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-010-9525-7","article-title":"Single-step chromatography for simultaneous purification of C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with high purity and recovery from Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis","volume":"23","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2016.03.043","article-title":"Digestion by pepsin releases biologically active chromopeptides from C-phycocyanin, a blue-colored biliprotein of microalga Spirulina","volume":"147","author":"Minic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.08.057","article-title":"Rapid and efficient recovery of C-phycocyanin from highly turbid Spirulina platensis algae using stirred fluidized bed ion exchange chromatography","volume":"209","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2019.11.020","article-title":"Analytical grade C-phycocyanin obtained by a single-step purification process","volume":"90","author":"Sala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2018.09.003","article-title":"Purification of phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis by hydrophobic interaction membrane chromatography","volume":"35","author":"Lauceri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-6632.20180353s20170160","article-title":"C-Phycocyanin purification: Multiple processes for different applications","volume":"35","author":"Figueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2009.05.026","article-title":"Strategy for a protein purification design using C-phycocyanin extract","volume":"100","author":"Moraes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s40502-014-0094-7","article-title":"Extraction and purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (CCC540)","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5614\/j.math.fund.sci.2019.51.2.6","article-title":"Optimization of Extraction Method and Characterization of Phycocyanin Pigment from Spirulina platensis","volume":"51","author":"Julianti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Math. Fundam. Sci."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121519","article-title":"Liquid biphasic flotation for the purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis microalga","volume":"288","author":"Chew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2006.05.073","article-title":"Method to obtain C-phycocyanin of high purity","volume":"1127","author":"Patil","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/4\/592\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:16:15Z","timestamp":1760123775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/16\/4\/592"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"references-count":207,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ph16040592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16040592","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]}}}