{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T12:29:13Z","timestamp":1768480153238,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04138\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00211\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04077\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES (FCT, Portugal)","award":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04077\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES (FCT, Portugal)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/125310\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/125310\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Root tubers of Asphodelus bento-rainhae subsp. bento-rainhae (AbR), a vulnerable endemic species, and Asphodelus macrocarpus subsp. macrocarpus (AmR) have traditionally been used in Portugal to treat inflammatory and infectious skin disorders. The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude 70% and 96% hydroethanolic extracts of both medicinal plants, specifically against multidrug-resistant skin-related pathogens, to identify the involved marker secondary metabolites and also to assess the pre-clinical toxicity of these medicinal plant extracts. Bioguided fractionation of the 70% hydroethanolic extracts of both species using solvents of increasing polarity, namely diethyl ether (DEE: AbR-1, AmR-1), ethyl acetate (AbR-2, AmR-2) and aqueous (AbR-3, AmR-3) fractions, enabled the identification of the DEE fractions as the most active against all the tested Gram-positive microorganisms (MIC: 16 to 1000 \u00b5g\/mL). Furthermore, phytochemical analyses using TLC and LC-UV\/DAD-ESI\/MS techniques revealed the presence of anthracene derivatives as the main constituents of DEE fractions, and five known compounds, namely 7\u2032-(chrysophanol-4-yl)-chrysophanol-10\u2019-C-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-anthrone (p), 10,7\u2032-bichrysophanol (q), chrysophanol (r), 10-(chrysophanol-7\u2032-yl)-10-hydroxychrysophanol-9-anthrone (s) and asphodelin (t), were identified as the main marker compounds. All these compounds showed high antimicrobial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC: 3.2 to 100 \u00b5g\/mL). Importantly, no cytotoxicity against HepG2 and HaCaT cells (up to 125 \u00b5g\/mL) for crude extracts of both species and genotoxicity (up to 5000 \u00b5g\/mL, with and without metabolic activation) for AbR 96% hydroethanolic extract was detected using the MTT and Ames tests, respectively. Overall, the obtained results contribute to the concrete validation of the use of these medicinal plants as potential sources of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of skin diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T02:16:48Z","timestamp":1685672208000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bioguided Identification of Active Antimicrobial Compounds from Asphodelus bento-rainhae and Asphodelus macrocarpus Root Tubers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1738-3429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Malmir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1424-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katelene","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0355-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio P\u00f3voas","family":"Cam\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Manageiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare-Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), Institute of Agricultural and Agro-Food Sciences and Technologies (ICETA), University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria Paula","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mechanical Engineering and Resource Sustainability Center (MEtRICs), Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7804-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana Paiva","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6549-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4415-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Moreira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Silva","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Cani\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare-Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Science Studies (CECA), Institute of Agricultural and Agro-Food Sciences and Technologies (ICETA), University of Porto, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe, and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2022). 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