{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T04:18:50Z","timestamp":1768537130260,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50017\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES","award":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lycopene is a carotenoid with potential use in the treatment of chronic illnesses. Here, different formulations of lycopene were studied: lycopene-rich extract from red guava (LEG), purified lycopene from red guava (LPG) and a self-emulsifying drug delivery system loaded with LPG (nanoLPG). The effects of administering orally various doses of LEG to hypercholesterolemic hamsters were evaluated regarding the liver function of the animals. The cytotoxicity of LPG in Vero cells was analyzed by a crystal violet assay and by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, nanoLPG was employed in stability tests. LPG and nanoLPG were tested for their cytotoxic effect on human keratinocytes and antioxidant capacity on cells in an endothelial dysfunction model in an isolated rat aorta. Finally, the effect of different nanoLPG concentrations on the expression of immune-related genes (IL-10, TNF-\u03b1, COX-2 and IFN-\u03b3) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using real-time PCR was also analyzed. Results suggest that LEG, despite not being able to improve blood markers indicative of liver function in hypercholesterolemic hamsters, reduced hepatic degenerative changes. Additionally, LPG did not show cytotoxicity in Vero cells. In relation to nanoLPG, the effects produced by heat stress evaluated by Dynamics Light Scattering (DLS) and visually were loss of color, texture change and phase separation after 15 days without interfering with the droplet size, so the formulation proved to be efficient in stabilizing the encapsulated lycopene. Although LPG and nanoLPG showed moderate toxicity to keratinocytes, which may be related to cell lineage characteristics, both revealed potent antioxidant activity. LPG and nanoLPG showed vasoprotective effects in aortic preparations. The gene expression assay indicates that, although no significant differences were observed in the expression of IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1, the PBMCs treated with nanoLPG showed a reduction in transcriptional levels of IFN-\u03b3 and an increased expression of COX-2. Thus, the work adds evidence to the safety of the use of lycopene by humans and shows that tested formulations, mainly nanoLPG due to its stability, stand out as promising and biosafe products for the treatment of diseases that have oxidative stress and inflammation in their etiopathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T02:30:51Z","timestamp":1687314651000},"page":"905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lycopene from Red Guava (Psidium guajava L.): From Hepatoprotective Effect to Its Use as Promising Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ma\u00edra Bernardes","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9651-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreanne Gomes","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Centro Universit\u00e1rio do Distrito Federal (UDF), Bras\u00edlia 70390-045, Brazil"},{"name":"People & Science Pesquisa Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o LTDA, Bras\u00edlia 70790-120, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Amandda \u00c9velin","family":"Silva de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Hematologia e C\u00e9lulas-Tronco (LHCT), Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Robson Camilotti","family":"Slompo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3644-4792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Silva","family":"S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Centro Universit\u00e1rio do Distrito Federal (UDF), Bras\u00edlia 70390-045, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Maria J\u00falia Lima","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Centro Universit\u00e1rio do Distrito Federal (UDF), Bras\u00edlia 70390-045, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Liz Nayara Ribeiro da Costa","family":"Lima Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Centro Universit\u00e1rio do Distrito Federal (UDF), Bras\u00edlia 70390-045, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9575-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Karolinne da Silva","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biof\u00edsica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (DBFis\/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5716-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Vin\u00edcius de Sousa","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biof\u00edsica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (DBFis\/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9107-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria do Carmo de Carvalho e","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biof\u00edsica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (DBFis\/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4276-3113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia dos Santos","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials (LIMAV), Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center (DMOR\/CCS), Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9882-4766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Saldanha de Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"People & Science Pesquisa Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o LTDA, Bras\u00edlia 70790-120, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1338-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassam Felipe","family":"Mogharbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4860-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine Athayde Teixeira de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4673-0696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESAM\u2014Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Pl\u00e1cido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias (FCUP), Universidade do Porto (UP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Bioprospectum, UPTEC, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7021-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Dias Rufino","family":"Arcanjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biof\u00edsica e Fisiologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade (DBFis\/CCS), Universidade Federal do Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eder Alves","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1096-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto de Souza de Almeida","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, NuPMIA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"},{"name":"People & Science Pesquisa Desenvolvimento e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o LTDA, Bras\u00edlia 70790-120, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020950","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1020950","article-title":"The protective effects of flavonoids and carotenoids against diabetic complications-A review of in vivo evidence","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. 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