{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:37:16Z","timestamp":1768984636564,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the beginning of the XXI century, Leishmaniasis has been integrated into the World Health Organization\u2019s list of the 20 neglected tropical diseases, being considered a public health issue in more than 88 countries, especially in the tropics, subtropics, and the Mediterranean area. Statistically, this disease presents a world prevalence of 12 million cases worldwide, with this number being expected to increase shortly due to the 350 million people considered at risk and the 2\u20132.5 million new cases appearing every year. The lack of an appropriate and effective treatment against this disease has intensified the interest of many research groups to pursue the discovery and development of novel treatments in close collaboration with the WHO, which hopes to eradicate it shortly. This paper intends to highlight the quinoline scaffold\u2019s potential for developing novel antileishmanial agents and provide a set of structural guidelines to help the research groups in the medicinal chemistry field perform more direct drug discovery and development programs. Thus, this review paper presents a thorough compilation of the most recent advances in the development of new quinoline-based antileishmanial agents, with a particular focus on structure\u2013activity relationship studies that should be considerably useful for the future of the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T11:28:47Z","timestamp":1708601327000},"page":"285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evolution of the Quinoline Scaffold for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: A Structural Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4538-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos F. M.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4249-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana C. G. A.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica e Bioqu\u00edmica, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2861-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur M. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2010). First WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases: Working to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.19-2-157","article-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases: Elimination and Eradication","volume":"19","author":"Bodimeade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2010). The Control of Leishmaniases. Bull. World Health Organ., 949, 807."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2024, February 11). World Health Organization Leishmaniasis. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11120.1","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Arenas","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Brahmachari, U.N. (1922). Chemotherapy of Antimonial Compounds in Kala-Azar Infection. Indian J. Med. Res., 492\u2013522."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(01)00046-1","article-title":"Amphotericin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces Nodosus: Deductions from Analysis of Polyketide Synthase and Late Genes","volume":"8","author":"Caffrey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.5.625","article-title":"Pentamidine: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Sands","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.17.5.787","article-title":"Paromomycin in the Treatment of Leishmaniasis","volume":"17","author":"Sundar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"733","article-title":"Miltefosine in the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: Clinical Evidence for Informed Clinical Risk Management","volume":"3","author":"Sundar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2011182115","article-title":"Sitamaquine as a Putative Antileishmanial Drug Candidate: From the Mechanism of Action to the Risk of Drug Resistance","volume":"18","author":"Loiseau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101664","article-title":"A Review of Current Treatments Strategies Based on Paromomycin for Leishmaniasis","volume":"57","author":"Matos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2015.09.041","article-title":"Novel Arylalkylamine Compounds Exhibits Potent Selective Antiparasitic Activity against Leishmania Major","volume":"25","author":"Iniguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2020.1801630","article-title":"Evolution of Chromone-like Compounds as Potential Antileishmanial Agents, through the 21 St Century","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624678","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.624678","article-title":"Identification of Chalcone Derivatives as Inhibitors of Leishmania Infantum Arginase and Promising Antileishmanial Agents","volume":"8","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.18341070502","article-title":"Ueber Einige Produkte Der Steinkohlendestillation","volume":"31","author":"Runge","year":"1834","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53836-9.00027-X","article-title":"Antileishmanial Natural Products from Plants","volume":"Volume 36","author":"Ogungbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Studies in Natural Products Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2012.03.002","article-title":"Quinoline: A Versatile Heterocyclic","volume":"21","author":"Marella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matada, B.S., Pattanashettar, R., and Yernale, N.G. (2021). A Comprehensive Review on the Biological Interest of Quinoline and Its Derivatives. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2020.115973"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557511313050010","article-title":"Quinolines as Chemotherapeutic Agents for Leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mini.-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202100115","article-title":"Quinoline: A Promising Scaffold in Recent Antiprotozoal Drug Discovery","volume":"6","author":"Dorababu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113606","article-title":"Recent Advancements in Anti-Leishmanial Research: Synthetic Strategies and Structural Activity Relationships","volume":"223","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02201-12","article-title":"A Novel Leishmania Major Amastigote Assay in 96-Well Format for Rapid Drug Screening and Its Use for Discovery and Evaluation of a New Class of Leishmanicidal Quinolinium Salts","volume":"57","author":"Bringmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2013.04.063","article-title":"Anti-Leishmanial Evaluation of C2-Aryl Quinolines: Mechanistic Insight on Bioenergetics and Sterol Biosynthetic Pathway of Leishmania Braziliensis","volume":"21","author":"Bompart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00505-09","article-title":"Amiodarone and Miltefosine Act Synergistically against Leishmania Mexicana and Can Induce Parasitological Cure in a Murine Model of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"53","author":"Payares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.06.004","article-title":"Antiparasitic Hybrids of Cinchona Alkaloids and Bile Acids","volume":"66","author":"Leverrier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.4.859","article-title":"2-Substituted Quinoline Alkaloids as Potential Antileishmanial Drugs","volume":"37","author":"Fournet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2013.08.028","article-title":"Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2-Substituted Quinolines as Potential Antileishmanial Agents","volume":"69","author":"Gopinath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2014.03.065","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, ADME Characterization and Antileishmanial Evaluation of Novel Substituted Quinoline Analogs","volume":"24","author":"Gopinath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2013.11.018","article-title":"Triazino Indole\u2013Quinoline Hybrid: A Novel Approach to Antileishmanial Agents","volume":"24","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00515","article-title":"Protozoan Parasite Growth Inhibitors Discovered by Cross-Screening Yield Potent Scaffolds for Lead Discovery","volume":"58","author":"Devine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.7b00011","article-title":"Antiparasitic Lead Discovery: Toward Optimization of a Chemotype with Activity Against Multiple Protozoan Parasites","volume":"8","author":"Devine","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201402537","article-title":"Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Ferrocenylquinoline as a Potential Antileishmanial Agent","volume":"10","author":"Yousuf","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.08.049","article-title":"Antileishmanial Ferrocenylquinoline Derivatives: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation against Leishmania Donovani","volume":"124","author":"Yousuf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15621","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00690","article-title":"Targeting the Trypanothione Reductase of Tissue-Residing Leishmania in Hosts\u2019 Reticuloendothelial System: A Flexible Water-Soluble Ferrocenylquinoline-Based Preclinical Drug Candidate","volume":"63","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7053","DOI":"10.1039\/C6OB01149G","article-title":"Insights into the Structural Patterns of the Antileishmanial Activity of Bi- and Tricyclic N-Heterocycles","volume":"14","author":"Herrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.08.002","article-title":"Antileishmanial Activity of a New Chloroquine Analog in an Animal Model of Leishmania Panamensis Infection","volume":"14","author":"Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02529-15","article-title":"Novel Heteroaryl Selenocyanates and Diselenides as Potent Antileishmanial Agents","volume":"60","author":"Baquedano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.10.017","article-title":"Quinoline Derivatives: Synthesis, Leishmanicidal Activity and Involvement of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress as Mechanism of Action","volume":"260","author":"Coimbra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2011.01.003","article-title":"4-Aminoquinoline Analogues and Its Platinum (II) Complexes as Antimalarial Agents","volume":"65","author":"Carmo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2011.01.003","article-title":"Synthesis of 4-Aminoquinoline Analogues and Their Platinum(II) Complexes as New Antileishmanial and Antitubercular Agents","volume":"65","author":"Carmo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2017.02.005","article-title":"Molecular Hybridization Conceded Exceptionally Potent Quinolinyl-Oxadiazole Hybrids through Phenyl Linked Thiosemicarbazide Antileishmanial Scaffolds: In Silico Validation and SAR Studies","volume":"71","author":"Taha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4950","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.12.4950-4956.2005","article-title":"Efficacy of Orally Administered 2-Substituted Quinolines in Experimental Murine Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniases","volume":"49","author":"Nakayama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00848-8","article-title":"Biochemical Analysis of Leishmanial and Human GDP-Mannose Pyrophosphorylases and Selection of Inhibitors as New Leads","volume":"7","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-017-1846-5","article-title":"Synthesis, Leishmanicidal, Trypanocidal and Cytotoxic Activities of Quinoline-Chalcone and Quinoline-Chromone Hybrids","volume":"26","author":"Coa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-017-2076-6","article-title":"Synthesis and Antiprotozoal Activity of Furanchalcone\u2013Quinoline, Furanchalcone\u2013Chromone and Furanchalcone\u2013Imidazole Hybrids","volume":"27","author":"Coa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12990","article-title":"Antileishmanial Activity, Cytotoxicity and Mechanism of Action of Clioquinol Against Leishmania Infantum and Leishmania Amazonensis Species","volume":"123","author":"Tavares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.05.014","article-title":"Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Triazolyl Quinoline Derivatives as Potential Antileishmanial Agents","volume":"154","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2018-0124","article-title":"Synthesis, Leishmanicidal Activity, Structural Descriptors and Structure\u2013Activity Relationship of Quinoline Derivatives","volume":"10","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.08.003","article-title":"Novel Organic Salts Based on Quinoline Derivatives: The in Vitro Activity Trigger Apoptosis Inhibiting Autophagy in Leishmania Spp","volume":"293","author":"Calixto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.10.065","article-title":"Antileishmanial Activity of New Hybrid Tetrahydroquinoline and Quinoline Derivatives with Phosphorus Substituents","volume":"162","author":"Reguera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2018.12.025","article-title":"Synthesis of Novel Quinoline-Based Thiadiazole, Evaluation of Their Antileishmanial Potential and Molecular Docking Studies","volume":"85","author":"Almandil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2018.10.053","article-title":"Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Quinoline Derivatives as Antileishmanial and Antitrypanosomal Agents","volume":"83","author":"Chanquia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859637","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2859637","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization, and Antileishmanial Activity of Certain Quinoline-4-Carboxylic Acids","volume":"2019","author":"Abdelwahid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.03.007","article-title":"Structure-Activity Relationships and Mechanistic Studies of Novel Mitochondria-Targeted, Leishmanicidal Derivatives of the 4-Aminostyrylquinoline Scaffold","volume":"171","author":"Staderini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b00628","article-title":"Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, Structure\u2013Activity Relationship, and Mechanism of Action Studies of Quinoline\u2013Metronidazole Derivatives Against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"62","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhameed, A., Liao, X., McElroy, C.A., Joice, A.C., Rakotondraibe, L., Li, J., Slebodnick, C., Guo, P., Wilson, W.D., and Werbovetz, K.A. (2020). Synthesis and Antileishmanial Evaluation of Thiazole Orange Analogs. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2019.126725"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrins, L., Sharma, A., Thomas, S.M., Mehta, N., Erath, J., Tanghe, S., Leed, S.E., Rodriguez, A., Mensa-Wilmot, K., and Sciotti, R.J. (2018). Anilinoquinoline Based Inhibitors of Trypanosomatid Proliferation. PLoS Negl. Trop Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006834"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00212","article-title":"Optimization of Physicochemical Properties for 4-Anilinoquinoline Inhibitors of Plasmodium Falciparum Proliferation","volume":"4","author":"Mehta","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b01365","article-title":"Improvement of Aqueous Solubility of Lapatinib-Derived Analogues: Identification of a Quinolinimine Lead for Human African Trypanosomiasis Drug Development","volume":"62","author":"Bachovchin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.9b00453","article-title":"Scaffold and Parasite Hopping: Discovery of New Protozoal Proliferation Inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201903835","article-title":"Synthesis, In Silico Studies, Antiprotozoal and Cytotoxic Activities of Quinoline-Biphenyl Hybrids","volume":"5","author":"Coa","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres Suarez, E., Granados-Falla, D.S., Robledo, S.M., Murillo, J., Upegui, Y., and Delgado, G. (2020). Antileishmanial Activity of Synthetic Analogs of the Naturally Occurring Quinolone Alkaloid N-Methyl-8-Methoxyflindersin. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243392"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"712","article-title":"Synthesis, in Silico Study and Antileishmanial Evaluation of New Selenides Derived from 7-Chloro-Quinoline and N-Phenylacetamides","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glanzmann, N., Antinarelli, L.M.R., da Costa Nunes, I.K., Pereira, H.M.G., Coelho, E.A.F., Coimbra, E.S., and da Silva, A.D. (2021). Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel 4-Aminoquinoline\/1,2,3-Triazole Hybrids against Leishmania Amazonensis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111857"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12152","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00813","article-title":"Amino-Substituted 3-Aryl- and 3-Heteroarylquinolines as Potential Antileishmanial Agents","volume":"64","author":"Hammill","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/jhet.4414","article-title":"Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Quinoline-conjugated 1,2,3-triazole Derivatives as Antileishmanial Agents","volume":"59","author":"Tapkir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Heterocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, C.F.M., Le\u00e3o, T., Dias, F., Tom\u00e1s, A.M., Pinto, D.C.G.A., Oliveira, E.F.T., Oliveira, A., Fernandes, P.A., and Silva, A.M.S. (2023). Structure\u2013Activity Relationship Studies of 9-Alkylamino-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroacridines against Leishmania (Leishmania) Infantum Promastigotes. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020669"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2023.115863","article-title":"Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Quinoline-Piperazine\/Pyrrolidine Derivatives as Possible Antileishmanial Agents","volume":"261","author":"Katiyar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, C.F.M., Pinto, D.C.G.A., Fernandes, P.A., and Silva, A.M.S. (2022). Evolution of Acridines and Xanthenes as a Core Structure for the Development of Antileishmanial Agents. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020148"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/3\/285\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:03:22Z","timestamp":1760105002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/3\/285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ph17030285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17030285","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]}}}